Ntsuab-Vermillion index. qhov ncauj index. Soj ntsuam kev xeem ntawm tus kws kho hniav

Koj puas paub yuav ua li cas los ntxuav koj tus nplaig zoo? Yog hais tias koj xav kom muaj ib tug dazzling luag, koj yuav tsum paub saib xyuas ntawm nws qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Tam sim no peb yuav sim qhia rau koj li no.

tu index

Tu Index of Green-Vermillion tso cai rau koj los laij rau tus nqi ntawm tartar thiab cov quav hniav nyias. Yuav kom txiav txim txoj kev tshawb no rau cov hniav 31, 11, 16, 26 - vestibular dav hlau, thiab 36, 46 - lingual. Cov quav hniav yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam nrog dyeing kev daws teeb meem ( "Magenta", Schiller Pisareva "Erythrosin") los yog tsis pom.

Cov nram qab no cov lis dej num thiab kev kho hniav cov quav hniav :

• 0 - tsis muaj layering;
• 1 - mos mos quav hniav yuav tsum vov tsawg tshaj li 1/3 ntawm tus hniav dav hlau, los yog hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm yam tsawg tsuas deposits (xim av, ntsuab, thiab lwm yam).
• 2 - ilv layering nyob rau tsawg tshaj li 2/3, tab sis ntau tshaj 1/3 ntawm tus nto hniav puas;
• 3 - mos quav hniav, occupying ntau tshaj 2/3 ntawm tus hniav qhov chaw.

Kev txiav txim ntawm sub- thiab supragingival hniav puas pob zeb ua siv dantistskogo sojntsuam.

Ntau tshaj ib tug zoo index ntawm lub Green-Vermillion? Kev luj xyuas ntawm tartar (kev thiab cov lis dej num) yog raws li nram no:

• 0 - pob zeb no tsis muaj;
• 1 - supragingival deposition kaw tsawg tshaj li 1/3 ntawm tus hniav dav hlau;
• 2 - tsim, twb muab tso rau cov pos hniav yuav tsum vov tsawg tshaj li 2/3, tab sis 1/3 ntawm ib tug hniav dav hlau, los yog muaj ntawm ib tug neeg nodules nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev me nyuam cheeb tsam;
• 3 - supragingival layering kaw ntau tshaj 2/3 ntawm tus hniav dav hlau los yog loj pob zeb nodules nyob txog nws lub caj dab.

Ntsuab-Vermillion index yog xam los ntawm kev ntxiv lub qhov tseem ceeb ua rau txhua tus ntawm nws cov ntsiab nrog lub division los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov dav hlau thiab kawm los ntawm kev khawm ob ntau.

cliché

lub xam mis yog thov yog raws li nram no:

IGR-y = lub sum ntawm cov quav hniav / dav hlau tooj + sum ntawm cov pob zeb / tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw.

Txhais lus ntawm qhov Performance index (GPI-qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau theem ntawm cov tshuaj) yog npaj:

• 0,0-1,2 - immaculate;
• 1.3-3.0 - permissible;
• 3,1-6,0 - tsis muaj.

Ntsuab-Vermillion index muaj cov nram qab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv quav hniav:

• 0,0-0,6 - immaculate;
• 0,7-1,8 - tolerable;
• 1,9-3,0 - phem.

KPU indices

Uas nthuav qhia qhov indexes ntawm kev tu cev ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav? Ib tug ntawm cov yooj yim kho hniav coefficients (KPU) qhia tau hais tias kev siv ntawm lub lwj. Cov tsab ntawv "K" txhais tau tias tus nqi ntawm cov kev puas tsuaj rau cov hniav, "P" - tus xov tooj ntawm kaw, "U" - tus xov tooj yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm los yog rhuav cov hniav. Lub sum ntawm cov qhov tseem ceeb muab ib lub tswv yim hais txog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwj txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg.

Muaj peb hom kev CPU coefficient:

• KPUz - lub xov tooj ntawm carious hniav thiab kho nyob rau hauv lub xeem;
• KPU dav hlau (KPUP) - tus naj npawb ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntsej muag;
• KPUpol - tus nqi ntawm cov ntsaws thiab caries ua si nraum zoov.

Cov nram qab no qhia yog siv rau cov uas tsis yog-tas mus li hniav:

• KP - tus naj npawb ntawm tawg hniav thiab kho luv luv tom;
• KP - sum ntawm decayed chaw;
• CPR - tus naj npawb ntawm carious qho to thiab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj.

Poob lawm raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub cev hloov los yog ib tug tsis ruaj tsis khov rho hniav nyob rau hauv occlusion yog disregarded. Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam thaum mus hniav ib tug ua ke ntawm ob coefficients: CPU thiab CP. Yuav kom qhia tau tias tag nrho cov kev siv ntawm tus kab mob saib lub ntsab lug ob degrees. CPU 6 mus rau 10 paub meej tias lub siab siv lwj 3-5 - ntsis, 1-2 - qis.

Cov ratios tsis qhia lub tiag tiag daim duab, vim hais tias lawv muaj xws li shortcomings:

• xav txog thiab rho hniav, thiab tsau tsis tau tshuaj;
• tsuas kom nrog lub hnub nyoog thiab lub sij hawm pib mus ua si yav dhau los carious txhab;
• tsis pub lub account ntawm lub thawj zaug kev puas tsuaj.

loj flaws

Tseem ceeb flaws ntsuas KPUz thiab KPUP yog lawv tsis meej nrog ua lwj vim tus tsim ntawm tshiab kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv cov hniav kho, tsis ntsaws ruaj ruaj, theem nrab caries thiab zoo sib xws yam.

Plurality caries muaj ib tug feem pua. No yog ib feem ntawm cov neeg uas tau pom tus kab mob no (tshwj tsis yog focal demineralization), muab faib los ntawm cov pejxeem soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv pab neeg no thiab khoo los ntawm ib tug puas.

Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov raising ntawm cov hniav lwj nyob rau hauv ib tug kev thaj av ntawd, siv tej kwv yees loj heev npaum li cas ntawm cov tej yam kev mob ntawm kaum ob cov me nyuam:

• Tsis muaj kev siv theem - 0-30%;
• Tus kwv tij - 31-80%
• loj - 81-100%.

Performance index CPITN

Peev xwm tu mob ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw los ntawm kev siv ntau indices. Xav txog CPITN coefficient. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv saib mob xyaum saib xyuas thiab daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas hauv lub xeev ntawm ncig. Nrog rau qhov no index kaw tsuas yog cov tej yam tshwm sim uas yuav pib tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab (tartar, o ntawm cov pos hniav, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm los ntshav), thiab tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account lub irreversible hloov (muaj cov hniav, cov pos hniav lub caij txom nyem, tsis epithelial Symptoms).

Muaj tsis muaj taag txheej txheem CPITN kev ua si. Qhov no zoo tshaj yog tsis siv rau kev kho npaj. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kom zoo dua yog cov kev ceev ntawm kev qhia kom paub, cov ntaub ntawv ntsiab lus, simplicity thiab muaj peev xwm los sib piv tau. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau doctoring txiav txim rau lub hauv paus ntawm tej cwj pwm no:

• code X los yog 0 txhais tau hais tias yog tsis muaj yuav tsum tau kho tus neeg mob;
• 1 qhia tias ib tug neeg yuav tsum saib xyuas zoo rau lawv qhov ncauj kab noj hniav;
• 2 yog hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm cov yam tseem ceeb rau qhov kev ncua ntawm cov quav hniav thiab ua kev tu cev;
• Code 3 qhia indispensable qhov ncauj thiab curettage, uas feem ntau thiaj li mob thiab hnab tshos tob txo rau qhov tseem ceeb me me dua los sis sib npaug zos rau 3 hli;
• 4 txhais tau hais tias kom txaus mucosal qhov ncauj, raws li zoo raws li sib sib zog nqus curettage. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug ua ke kev kho mob.

PMA

Yog li ntawd, peb ntxiv rau nrhiav seb yog dab tsi lub noj qab haus huv index. alveolar-papillary-marginal index (PMA) yog siv los txiav txim seb tus heev ntawm gingivitis. Muaj ob peb hom no daim duab, tab sis yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv PMA Parma kev hloov kho. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov hniav (thaum tswj kev sib sau dentition) kaw nyob rau hauv raws li cov hnub nyoog ntawm 15 xyoo thiab laus dua - 30 cov hniav, 6-11 xyoo - 24 12-14 - 28. Feem ntau, lub PMA coefficient yog pes tsawg.

Cov me nyuam Care

Yuav ua li cas yog lub Performance index Fedorov-Volodkina? Siv nws los mus txiav txim seb tus neeg mob yog ib tug zoo saib tshaj nws cov hniav. Qhov no qhia yuav tsum tau siv rau kev ntsuam xyuas qhov mob ntawm lub qhov ncauj nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mus txog 5-6 lub xyoo. Yuav kom tsim nws txoj kev kawm labial lub ntsej muag ntawm rau cov hniav.

Nrog tshwj xeeb kev daws teeb meem cov hniav tsuas thiab soj ntsuam hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov quav hniav rau lawv. Kev txiav txim ntawm sub- thiab supragingival pob zeb dantistskogo tau siv ib tug kev sojntsuam. Muab xam los ntawm cov coefficient sum ntawm cov zauv tau rau txhua lub caij ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm division dav hlau kawm, raws li los ntawm folding lub ob qhov tseem ceeb.

cai

Fedorov-Volodkina Index (1968) thiab yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws.

Ua ntej, poov tshuaj-iodide tshuaj ntawm iodine-tsuas di ncauj nto ntawm rau pem hauv ntej sab hniav. Tu index yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub resulting nqaij daim tawv, ces nws twb soj ntsuam los ntawm ib tug tsib-point txoj kev, thiab yog xam raws li lub mis Kcp = (ΣKu) / n, qhov twg:

• DAC - general tu tu piv;
• Ku - noj qab nyob zoo huv si tus nqi ntawm ib tug hniav;
• n - tus naj npawb ntawm cov hniav.

Colorization thoob plaws hauv lub dav hlau ntawm lub crown yog 5 ntsiab lus; 3/4 - 4; 1/2 - 3; 1/4 - 2 ntsiab lus; tsis muaj xim - 1. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ib txwm noj qab nyob zoo npaum li cas yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 1.

PHP

Thiab dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws indices ntawm qhov ncauj noj qab haus huv? Heev yog cov efficiency tau (PHP). Tag nrho cov qhab nia ntawm cov quav hniav pleev xim rau rau cov hniav. Qhov Performance index yog xam los ntawm kev txiav txim code rau txhua hniav los ntawm summing cov lis dej num rau txhua cheeb tsam. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov lis dej num ntawm cov hniav ntsuam xyuas ntxiv thiab lub resulting sum muab faib los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov hniav.

Cov aesthetic tivthaiv

noj qab haus huv index yog feem ntau siv los ntawm tus kws kho hniav. applied aesthetic kho hniav tom qhia los mus txiav txim tus txheej xwm. Nws fixes rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov hniav thiab ib tug tom qauv nyob rau hauv txoj kab txiav, sagittal thiab ntsug qhia. Nws yog siv nrog lub 12-xyoo-xyoos.

soj ntsuam

Thiab dab tsi yog qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm kev luj xyuas ntawm kev xeem ntawm tus kws kho hniav? Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias ib tug kev daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov neeg nyob qhia lawv noj qab haus huv txoj kev muaj ntawm cov kev muab tej yam kev mob rau lawv cov zoo meej lub cev txoj kev loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm kev ua kom zoo tu, prophylactic, kho thiab kev ua si.

Tus aim yog kom ntxiv dag zog rau cov kev soj ntsuam kev soj ntsuam thiab lub preservation ntawm pej xeem noj qab haus huv, ua qhov ntev ntawm lawv lub neej.

Kev xeem no yog npaj los daws kom tau tej teeb meem:

• rov xyuas ntawm tib neeg noj qab haus huv;
• kev saib xyuas ntawm cov neeg mob;
• zog uas phem tsis tau, nrhiav kom tau thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov ua kom hniav lwj;
• Active thiab raws sij hawm coj ntawm kev ua si thiab kho kev ntsuas;
• kev txhim kho cov efficiency thiab zoo ntawm kev kho mob pab rau cov pejxeem los ntawm txoj kev successive thiab interconnected ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm tsev, loj-scale koom tes los ntawm cov kws kho mob sib txawv ntawm cov professions, cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev them nyiaj yug, tshiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev koom ua ke, lub creation ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab tshuab rau lub soj ntsuam ntawm lub electorate nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm tshwj xeeb.

saib cov me nyuam

Xam lub Performance index ntawm lub Green-Vermillion, cov kws kho mob muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm dispensary kev soj xyuas me nyuam:

• Group 1 - cov me nyuam uas tsis muaj kev pathology;
• 2nd pab pawg neeg - nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, noj qab nyob zoo cov me nyuam nrog ib tug keeb kwm ntawm tej mob los yog mob tus kab mob tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev ua uas tseem ceeb heev kabmob;
• Peb pab pawg neeg - cov me nyuam uas mob ntawm ib kuas, sub- thiab decompensated lawv cov hoob kawm.

Nyob rau hauv nqa tawm cov kev kho hniav xeem cov me nyuam noj peb caug peb theem:

• Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, lub soj ntsuam yog ua rau txhua tus me nyuam ib tug neeg sau npe, ib qho ntxiv kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob, thiab ces txiav txim cov pab pawg neeg pw soj, kwv yees lub endurance ntawm txhua tus me nyuam thiab txhais prioritization xeem.
• Qhov thib ob - contingent tsim los ntawm pab pawg curation tsa ib phasing tej yam kev mob thiab tas mus li txoj kev tshawb no, proportionally faib nruab nrab ntawm lub dispensary cov neeg mob los ntawm cov kws kho mob, yuav tsum txaus siab surveyed contingent pw thiab pw kho mob.
• Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb - cov kws kho mob txiav txim seb qhov zaus thiab qhov xwm ntawm active kev soj ntsuam rau txhua tus me nyuam, yog diagnostic thiab kho kev ntsuas, nyob rau hauv raws li ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev noj qab nyob raws li txoj cai, soj ntsuam cov hauj lwm zoo cov lus rov qab-up.

Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb yog lub koom haum ntawm kev kawm ua hauj lwm rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev kho hniav kab mob nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam thiab cov creation ntawm kev saib xyuas txug kev lub ces tshiab hniav.

soj ntsuam cev xeeb tub

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tau nyiaj pab ntau tshaj cov nyhuv hauv cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev kho hniav kab mob, yuav tsum tau cov kev sib koom tes ntawm kev kho hniav thiab Gynecology, thiab cov poj niam txoj kev noj qab haus huv xeem thaum lub sij hawm cev xeeb tub. Nyob rau hauv cov kev kho hniav chaw ua hauj lwm, cov kws kho mob nqa tawm:

• kev ntxuav tu ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav;
• kev pab nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm yooj yim thiab ntxiv txhais tau tias ntawm kev tu cev, kev cob qhia kev tswj qhov ncauj mob;
• hauj lwm kho mob;
• remineralizing txoj kev kho tsub kom cov kuj kho hniav enamel.

caries Tiv Thaiv

Ntsiab Txhais ntawm Kev Green-Vermillion index plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov hniav ntawm expectant niam, uas yog tsim los mus cuag ob tug cov hom phiaj: tiv thaiv cov kev loj hlob ntawm caries nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv utero thiab txhim kho cov kev kho hniav raws li txoj cai ntawm cov poj niam.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias leej niam txoj kev noj qab haus huv muaj feem xyuam rau tus txheej txheem ntawm tso tus me nyuam mos hniav uas pib thaum 6-7 lub lim piam ntawm hnub. Cov kws kho mob tau txiav txim hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau yam pathologies me nyuam hauv plab slows mineralization ntawm kev kho hniav txha hniav laus thiab tej zaum yuav tsis nyob rau theem ntawm thawj calcification. Nyob rau hauv lub tom qab lub sij hawm, nws yuav tsum rov, tab sis tsis tau mus txog hauv tus txheej txheem qib.

Tus poj niam twb nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm cev xeeb tub deteriorating kho hniav nyuaj ntaub so ntswg thiab ncig vim cov neeg pluag tu mob ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Uas yog vim li cas nws yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tiv thaiv kev ntsuas raws li ntev raws li tus me nyuam mos tsis yog yug. Cov kws kho mob tawm tswv yim rau cov poj niam mus ua raws li qhov tseeb hom ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab kev so, ce muaj zog thiab noj kom zoo vitamin txoj kev kho.

odontolith

Cov hniav nto yog rhiab rau ntau yam influences. Nws yog tsim nyob rau concretions vim raws li nram no yog vim li cas:

• ua txhaum zom txheej txheem;
• tus cwj pwm ntawm snacking thiab tau ntawm ib tug impressive tooj ntawm carbonated dej qab zib thiab carbohydrates;
• txais tos feem ntau cov mos mos cov khoom noj;
• cov kab mob ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev;
• haus luam yeeb thiab haus dej haus cawv kev tsim txom.

Nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, hla mus-thiab subgingival pob zeb los ntawm txhua lwm yam sib txawv dog dig. Nyob rau hauv thawj predominant calcium carbonate, magnesium thiab calcium phosphate. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj heev. Qhov thib ob yog tsim los ntawm kev kho hniav cov quav hniav, uas muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom noj seem, epithelial hlwb, hnoos qeev, cov kab mob txuam khov qaub ncaug.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub cleansing ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav? Nrog nws tiv thaiv cov tsim ntawm concretions. Cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom tsis tu ncua mus kho hniav thiab siv kho hniav pas dig hniav, tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab flawless high-zoo txhuam. Nws yog tseem tau mus thov toothpicks thiab rinses lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.

lus

Thiab tam sim no saib yuav ua li cas huv si tus nplaig. Yog hais tias lub cev tsis yog ib tug tua - koj digestive system noj qab nyob zoo. Txij li thaum lub hnub ntawm Hippocrates, cov kws kho mob hais kom tus neeg mob yuav qhia cov lus. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias los ntawm lub cev los ntawm nws saum npoo raug ntiab tawm impressive nqi ntawm slag. Yog hais tias cov lus noog cov kab mob, lawv ua lom.

Nyob rau qhov no lub cev muaj heev heev papillae, pob thiab qho to, xws li me me hais sinking kev cai. Uas yog vim li cas cov lus yog ib tug ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv nqa nrog cov qaub ncaug rau ntawm cov hniav, thiab ntxiv zoo nkaus li qias neeg ua tsis taus pa - halitosis.

Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis tu ncua ntxuav cov lus, nkag tau tus kab mob nyob rau hauv nws lub cev yog nyuab, qhov rhiab heev ntawm saj receptors nce, tiv thaiv gingivitis, digestive ib ntsuj av tau tsis meej, kab ncig, hniav lwj.

Qhov no lub cev yuav tsum txhuam tag nrho, tshwj xeeb yog haus luam yeeb thiab cov neeg uas muaj ib tug "thaj" lus, rau ntawm qhov chaw uas yog sib sib zog nqus folds thiab furrows.

Kev tu rau cov lus ua tom qab ntxuav cov hniav thiab lub qhov ncauj vypoloschen. Ua ntej, cov kab mob yog muab tshem tawm sweeps cov kauj ruam (los ntawm lub hauv paus mus tswv yim) rau ib sab ntawm lub cev thiab ces mus rau lwm yam. Ces, nyob rau hauv cov lus tuav ib tug txhuam hniav 3-4 lub sij hawm, muab tso rau hauv nws cov nplej zom thiab maj mam muab txhuam lub cev los ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau lub ntug. Tom ntej no koj yuav tau yaug koj lub qhov ncauj, thov lub gel dua thiab sawv nws rau 2 feeb. Tom qab tag nrho cov manipulations yuav ntxuav tam sim ntawd nrog dej.

Ntxuav tau tus nplaig yog ib qhov tseem ceeb feem ntawm kev saib xyuas. Tshem tawm cov quav hniav, hnoos qeev, khoom noj khoom haus remnants, rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus hniav, zoo tshwj xeeb scraper los yog txhuam (yuav tsum mos). Tshuaj tua kab mob gel tso rau lub groomer, nyob qhov khoob ntawm cov filamentous papillae. Thaum lub sij hawm liquefaction, nws nquag tso oxygen, uas muaj ib tug muaj zog antibacterial ua si rau co microflora ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Yog hais tias tsis tseg ua txoj kev ua no, tus tsim ntawm kev kho hniav cov quav hniav yog txo los ntawm 33%.

Mouthrinse

Muaj ntau cov neeg mob nug: "ua li cas yog yaug koj lub qhov ncauj," Yog hais tias koj muaj kub lug pos hniav yuav siv antimicrobial (antiseptic) thiab anti-inflammatories. Antiseptic tshuaj ua rau cov kab mob uas ua rau suppuration. Anti-inflammatory tshuaj yog yuav luag tsis ntxim rau cov kab mob, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm kom tus kab mob no txoj kev loj hlob.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi rau yaug koj lub qhov ncauj yog tias kub lug pos hniav? Cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom:

• Yog hais tias periodontitis los yog gingvite siv ob hom ntawm cov nyiaj, txawm hais tias tus antimicrobial yuav ua tau zoo dua.
• Thaum o ntawm tus hniav tej thaj chaw deb qhov dej yuav tsum thov lub antiseptic neeg sawv cev, piv txwv li, "Chlorhexidine".

Yog hais tias koj ua ntej noj mov yuav nco ntsoov ntxuav lawv txhais tes, thiab ces - mus ntxuav cov hniav thiab tus nplaig, koj yuav tsum tau muab ib tug sparkling luag rau lub xyoo yuav tuaj.