Ntau shampinona- yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv siav nceb thiab lom?

Muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm fungi, tab sis peb mam li tham txog khawm nceb (Agaricus). Niaj hnub no, nws tsis yog tsim nyog los sau rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub tsev loj muag zoo nkauj me ntsis dawb nceb - ib yam ntawm cov nceb. Fabkis kawm tau li cas kom loj hlob lawv nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. Tam sim no, ntawm cov siav nceb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau lawm, qhov no hom occupies hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Nceb nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Txawm lawv affordability, ntau siab tau tawm mus rau hauv lub ntuj rau nceb, vim hais tias cov "mushroom mus yos hav zoov" - ib tug tseem ceeb, kev lom zem thiab exciting kev ua si. Nws tso cai rau koj mus kiag li khiav los ntawm txhua hnub teeb meem, los yog siv ib co sij hawm nyob ib leeg nrog lub ntuj. Raws li nws yog nthuav kom nrhiav tau cov nyom los yog nplooj zoo nkauj cua pwm, thiab yog hais tias muaj hmoo, thiab tag nrho cov me ntsis tsev neeg! Nceb yog ubiquitous, coj tawm nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, chaw ua si, meadows thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub pavement.

Lawv yog cov pileate agaric. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj tsawg kawg yog 60 hom ntawm lawv nrog ntau nta, tab sis txhua txhua yam ntawm fungi mushroom nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Lamellar hu cov nceb, uas nyob rau hauv underside ntawm lub hau muaj phaj. Hluas nceb nyob rau hauv dawb phaj, ces liab, cov laus ua dub thiab xim av thiab dub thiab xim av.

Qhov no saib txawv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub nplhaib rau tus kav. Kaus mom thiab stems - yog lub fruiting lub cev thiab lub mycelium yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb. Lub sab txheej ntawm champignon kaus mom pov tseg noob uas lawv muab, txoj kev ib tug tshiab mycelium. Yuav muaj me tub thiab spawn daim los ntawm kev tsim paaj tej yam kev mob rau nws.

Me nceb yuav ua tau xwb tsis paub kheej kheej zoo kaus mom, tab sis kuj tswb-zoo li tus, yuav luag cylindrical. Raws li cov ntug ntawm nws mus tam sim ntawd, thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug los yog ob lub ntsej ntawm lub kav. Lub hau tseem nthuav, ua ntau pom phaj nyob rau hauv lub qis ib feem. Nyob rau hauv lub txhab daim ntawv no, nws muaj ib tug semi los yog tag nrho, txoj kev prostrate rau daim ntawv.

siav nceb

Xav txog ob peb hom, feem ntau nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm mushroom: hav zoov, tiaj nyom, teb, bisporus.

Hav zoov (Agaricus silvaticus), tej zaum hu ua "blagushka". Qhov no hom nceb yuav muaj nyob rau hauv coniferous hav zoov los ntawm nruab nrab-lub caij ntuj sov rau lub kaum hli ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntsaum mounds. Dua li ntawm qhov saj, nws yog tsis tshua muaj sau. Muaj ntau scares tias nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub sis plawv hniav yuav brownish-liab xim.

Hluas nceb ko taw siab, nrog ib tug dawb nplhaib, uas nyob rau hauv cov laus nrws yuav rho. Cap ovoid, ces yuav convex, tsa tus duab ntawm ib lub tswb, thiab tom qab ntawd - yog pav ca-prostrate. Nws muaj fibrous plaub ya ri xim av.

Lugovoi (dog dig, Pecheritsa), lub Latin lub npe - Agaricus campestris. Qhov no hom nceb paub txawm nroog dwellers, raws li tshwm sim nyob ze ntawm lub tsev - nyob rau hauv lub vaj, chaw ua si. Nws prefers zoo-fertilized av yuav loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub pastures, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw taug kev nyuj. Mushroom cua thiab heev fruitful, hlob nyob rau hauv loj pawg.

Kaus mom dawb xim, xub thawj nws muaj ib tug kheej kheej zoo lawm, ces convex, ces tiaj tus. Daim Hlau liab, mature nceb gray-xim av. Lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog dawb thiab ruaj, nyob rau cov kev txiav puv liab. Raws li cov "tiab" pub ntxiv tshaj npoo ntawm lub hau nrog rau cov soj caum yog sib cais thiab tseem nyob rau hauv ib tug membranous rings ntawm lub sab saum toj ntawm lub ko taw.

Teb (Agaricus arvensis). Cov hom - lub ze tshaj txheeb ze ntawm lub beet, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntseeg tias nws saj yog zoo npaum li cas. Nws muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb, heev qab ntxiag tsis hnov tsw thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov nceb. Nyob rau hauv ib co piv txwv rau hauv lub luj yog 300 g thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub hau yog 20 cm.

Hluas nceb muaj qe lub kaus mom, uas maj ua ib tug plano-convex zoo, nrog ntaug lees daim tawv nqaij, thaum koj kov cov xim kev hloov mus rau daj. Nyob rau hauv ob-txheej nplhaib muaj ib tug ceg nyob rau hauv lub qis khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov faib cov yam ntxwv daj protrusions. Cov ntaub ntawv, raws li cov pwm laus, hloov xim ntawm liab rau tsaus xim av.

Bisporus (Agaricus bisporus) - qhov no yog tag nrho cov paub zoo ntawm mushroom yog dav cultivated nyob rau hauv dag tej yam kev mob.

cuav nceb

Mushroom pickers feem ntau sau inexperience conditionally lom (cuav) ib yam ntawm cov nceb, thiab muab pov rau hauv lub pob tawb mus rau lwm yam fungi. Txawm hais tias lawv siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov thiab yog tsis tuag, tiam sis ua tau ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem. Txawm tias tom qab thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob yog muab nyob rau hauv tshuaj lom yuav ua lom nrog plab hnyuv mob, ntuav, colics.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog siav nceb ob nceb hom, cov duab koj pom. Yellows mushroom (Agaricus xanthodermus) tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau qhib field thiab nyob rau hauv cov nyom. Qhov no hom ntawm lub kaus mom inedible dawb, feem ntau nrog rau ib tug grayish-xim av me ntsis.

Lub sis plawv hniav nyob rau hauv raws li lub npe, thaum cov hlais tam sim ntawd puv daj. Lub sab ib feem ntawm ob txhais ceg, thiab daj, tej zaum txiv kab ntxwv. Qhov no hom ntawm tswb-kaus mom yog feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog lub teb. Sib nrug los ntawm cov xim ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv, yuav ua tau distinguished los ntawm ib tug heev unpleasant tsis hnov tsw, uas yog kho kom zoo los ntawm ci.

Ploskoshlyapkovy, mottled, kuj mushroom (Agaricus Placomyces) - lwm inedible pwm, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv mixed thiab coniferous hav zoov. Nws lub kaus mom grayish-xim av xim, nrog ib tug maub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, them nrog dos. Cov tsis kaj siab tsw ntawm carbolic outputs inedibility no tsiaj.

Tej zaum tsis meej pem nrog ploskoshlyapkovy mushroom hav zoov, tab sis raws li peb twb paub, nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov hom tsw zoo thiab maj mam txiav lub cev nqaij daim tawv mus rau hauv liab, thaum lub sij hawm variegated daj thiab maj puv xim av.

Heev feem ntau, inexperienced mushroom pickers yuav tsis tsum distinguished los ntawm zoo xws li cov tub ntxhais nceb rau lawv, tab sis cov tshuaj lom mushroom dawb thiab daj ntseg toadstool. Lawv yog cov uas zoo sib xws thiab cov kaus mom, thiab daim hlau, thiab lub ntsej lub ob txhais ceg.

Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias txawv yuav kom meej meej pom xwb nyob rau hauv neeg laus nrws: los ntawm mushroom thiab daj ntseg toadstool, tsis zoo li siav nceb, xim daim hlau tseem kaj. Nrhiav ib tug neeg laus mushroom thiab tshawb xyuas lub sab ib feem ntawm lub hau. Lwm yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav mus saib: thaum nias cev nqaij daim tawv xim lom mushroom tsis hloov.

Diam duab 1 - champignon ntoo;

Photo 2 - champignon tiaj nyom;

Photo 3 - Agaricus arvensis;

Diam duab 4 - daj-skinned mushroom;

Photo 5 - ploskoshlyapkovy mushroom.