National hero ntawm lub Caucasian neeg Imam Shamil (biography)

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo teb chaws heroes ntawm lub Caucasian haiv neeg yog tus Imam Shamil. Biography ntawm tus txiv neej ua rau lub xaus hais tias nws lub neej yog tag nrho ntawm ntse koj lem thiab nthuav cov txheej xwm. Rau ntau xyoo nws mus rau hauv lub uprising tiv thaiv lub roob neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab yog tam sim no ib lub cim ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus. Biography ntawm Imam Shamil yuav luv luv teev nyob rau hauv no los xyuas.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus hero

Tsis muaj ib tug tsev neeg zaj keeb yuav tsis muaj siab muaj kom to taub lub biography ntawm Imam Shamil. Txoj kev uas lub keeb kwm ntawm no zoo ntawm cov ua cim peb yuav sim saib lub ntsab lug hauv qab no.

Shamil tuaj los ntawm ib tug es thaum ub thiab illustrious ntawm lub Avar thiab Kumyk noble tsev neeg. Great-yawg ntawm tus hero-Kumyk Amir Khan enjoyed zoo hwj chim thiab kev sib hwm los ntawm cov khub tribesmen. Shamil Ali yawg thiab leej txiv Dengav-Magomed twb Uzdenov uas yog ib tug analog ntawm lub nobles nyob rau hauv Russia, piv txwv li lawv tau koom rau cov sab sauv chav kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Dengav-Magomed yog ib tug kws ntaus hlau, thiab cov profession yog suav tias yog heev honorable mountaineers.

Niam Shamil hu ua Bach-Meseda. Nws yog tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug noble Avar BEY Pier Budach. Hais tias yog ob leeg txiv thiab niam, nws muaj noble pog koob yawg koob. Nws yog qhia los ntawm cov biography ntawm ib tug naas ej neeg, raws li Imam Shamil (biography). National heroes tseem tsis tau to taub. Nti tsuas paub hais tias nws yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Dagestan mountaineers. Nws yog zoo tsim uas ntws Avar ntshav nyob rau hauv nws cov leeg. Tab sis peb muaj peev xwm hais nrog ib co degree ntawm qhov muaj tseeb, hais tias nws yog leej txiv Kumyk.

Yug Shamil

Biography ntawm Imam Shamil, ntawm chav kawm, pib nrog lub hnub nws yug los. Qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1797 nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub zos Gimry kev huam yuaj. Qhov no lub zos yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thaj tsam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Dagestan.

Chiv tus tub lub npe hu ua tom qab lub txiv yawg - Ali. Tab sis nws tsis ntev poob mob, thiab tus me nyuam, raws li cov kev lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv los ntawm cov ntsujplig phem, lub npe hloov mus rau Shamil. Nws yog ib tug variant ntawm lub biblical lub npe ntawm Samuel, thiab yog txhais li "hnov los ntawm Vajtswv." Cov tib lub npe yog nws leej niam tus tij laug.

Childhood thiab kev kawm ntawv

Raws li ib tug me nyuam, Shamil yog heev yuag thiab sickly me nyuam tub. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws loj hlob ib tug kuj ceeb tias noj qab nyob zoo thiab muaj zog cov tub hluas.

Puas tau txij thaum yau pib coj puab lub neej yav tom ntej ua cim ntawm lub uprising thawj coj. Nws yog ib tug inquisitive, cus ciav nyuam tub hluas nrog ib tug zoo siab, unyielding thiab overbearing cim. Ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Shamil yog unprecedented ua siab tawv qhawv. Kawm nyob rau hauv riam phom, nws pib nrog cov me nyuam yaus.

Kuv rhiab heev rau kev cai dab qhuas cwj pwm ntawm Imam Shamil. Cov biography ntawm tus neeg no yog inextricably txuas nrog religiosity. Shamil tus thawj xib fwb yog nws tus phooj ywg Adil Muhammad. Nyob rau hauv kaum ob xyoos, nws los ua kev kawm nyob rau hauv Untsukul coj los Jamaluddin Kazikumukh. Tom qab ntawd nws kawm sau ntawv, rhetoric, logic, jurisprudence, Arabic, philosophy, uas lub roob pab pawg neeg ntawm cov thawj ib nrab ntawm XIX xyoo pua suav hais tias ib tug heev theem siab ntawm kev kawm ntawv.

Caucasian tsov rog

Heev zoo txog rau lub Caucasian tsov rog lub neej ntawm peb cov hero, thiab qhov no ntau tshaj li ib zaug hais cov biography ntawm Shamil. Piav mentsis txog qhov no tub rog teeb meem ntawm lub roob neeg thiab lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws muaj nqis nyob rau hauv no los xyuas.

Tub rog teeb meem ntawm cov mountaineers ntawm lub Caucasus thiab lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws pib nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Catherine II, thaum muaj ib tug Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1787-1791 gg.). Ces tus Highlanders, coj los ntawm Sheikh Mansour nrhiav kom txhob rau qib thiab strengthening ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, noj zoo dua ntawm lub pab los ntawm nws co-religionists ntawm lub Ottoman Empire. Tab sis lub Turks tau poob nyob rau hauv no tsov rog, thiab Sheikh Mansur twb ntes. Tom qab ntawd Tsarist Russia txuas ntxiv mus kom nws nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, harassing nyob hauv zos.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov kuj ntawm lub roob pab pawg neeg thiab tsis txhob tom qab lub Lavxias teb sab kev sib haum xeeb nrog lub Turks, tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb rog ntawm tus txheem mus txog tom qab lub sij hawm teem ntawm General Alekseya Ermolova commander nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus thiab kawm tiav ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Persian tsov rog ntawm 1804-1813. Yermolov sim ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho cov kev daws kom tau qhov teeb meem ntawm kuj nyob hauv zos los ntawm dag zog yuam, uas coj nyob rau hauv 1817 mus rau ib tug tag nrho-scale tsov ua rog, uas ntawd kub ntev li yuav luag 50 xyoo.

Dua li ntawm qhov es brutal sib ntaus sib tua, Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog ua heev ntse, muab tswj ntawm tag nrho cov loj cheeb tsam ntawm lub Caucasus thiab subordinating tshiab pab pawg neeg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1827, huab tais recalled General Yermolov, suspecting muaj kev mus nrog cov Decembrists, thiab nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw twb raug xa mus General Ivan Paskevich.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Imamate

Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam nrog qhov pib ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws pib lub consolidation ntawm lub Caucasian haiv neeg. Lub cheeb tsam them los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov currents ntawm Sunni Islam - Muridism, lub hauv paus tswv yim ntawm cov uas yog jihad (dawb huv tsov rog) tiv thaiv infidels.

Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab xibhwb ntawm lub lus qhuab qhia tshiab yog ib tug theologian Ghazi Muhammad uas yog los ntawm tib lub zos raws li Shamil. Qhov kawg ntawm 1828 rau ib lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov pab pawg neeg kev txwj quas laug lub Eastern Caucasus Ghazi Muhammad twb hais tias imam. Yog li, nws tau los ua tus de facto lub taub hau ntawm lub tshiab tsim lub xeev - Caucasian Imamate - thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub uprising tiv thaiv cov Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov npe ntawm cov Imam Ghazi Muhammad tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug dawb huv tsov rog tawm tsam Russia.

Tam sim no lub Caucasian pab pawg neeg tau koom rau hauv ib quab yuam, thiab lawv ua tau mas yuav kis tau ib tug tshwj xeeb kev nyab xeeb rau lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij thaum cov tub rog coj noj coj ua khoom plig Paskevich tseem ua tsis tau zoo txuj ci Yermolov. Ua tsov ua rog tsoo tawm nrog tshiaj vigor. Los ntawm cov outset, ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem thiab coj Shamil, ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov pab Ghazi Muhammad. Lawv tiv thaiv lub xub pwg mus pwg nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua rau Gimry nyob rau hauv 1832 rau lawv haiv neeg zos. Lub rebels twb besieged los ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tub rog nyob rau hauv lub fortress, uas poob rau 18 Lub kaum hli ntuj. Thaum lub sij hawm nres tau tua Imam Ghazi Muhammad thiab Shamil txawm tau raug mob, muaj kev tswj los mus ua txhaum tawm ntawm lub encirclement, tom qab zog ntov ib tug ob peb Lavxias teb sab tub rog.

Tshiab Imam ua Gamzat thov. Qhov no xaiv tau dictated los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias Shamil thaum lub sij hawm, twb tiag raug mob. Tab sis Gamzat BEY imam nyob tsawg tshaj li ob lub xyoos thiab twb tua nyob rau hauv ib tug los ntshav tawm tsam nrog ib tug ntawm cov Avar pab pawg neeg.

Cov kev xaiv tsa ntawm imam

Yog li, lub ntsiab tus neeg sib tw rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub North-Caucasian lub xeev los ua Shamil. Nws tau raug xaiv los mus rau lub senate nyob rau hauv lig 1834. Thiab ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm nws lub neej nws twb paub tsis tau tsuas yog raws li Imam Shamil. Biography (luv luv nyob rau hauv peb kev nthuav qhia, tab sis nplua nuj heev nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb) ntawm nws reign yuav tau muab los ntawm peb hauv qab no.

Hais tias kev xaiv tsa cim pib ntawm lub imam ib qho tseem ceeb theem nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Shamil.

Lub sib ntaus tawm tsam lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws

Tag nrho cov rog muab tso rau hauv nws, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tau zoo, Imam Shamil. Nws biography nyeem kiag li hais tias Sia lub hom phiaj los ua luag tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws lub neej.

Nyob rau hauv no nyuaj siab, Shamil tsom loj cov tub rog thiab lub koom haum kev txawj ntse, nws muaj peev xwm qhia kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv cov tub rog cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv yeej, tsis txhob ua hasty kev txiav txim siab. Cov yav tas zoo txawv nws los ntawm yav dhau los Imams. Cov yam ntxwv tso cai Shamil tau ntse tsis kam ua ib tug txaus loj tshaj nws cov Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

Imamat tswj thaum Shamil

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, siv Islam raws li ib daim ntawv cuav, Imam Shamil twb tau mus sib sau ua ke cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Chechnya thiab Dagestan. Yog hais tias nws predecessors union ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Caucasian haiv neeg yog heev xoob, ces nrog lub advent ntawm Shamil nws tau tag nrho cov nta ntawm statehood.

Raws li ib txoj cai nws qhia Islamic Sharia txoj cai nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub ancient canons Highlanders (adat).

Caucasian Imamate twb muab faib ua kawm ntawv, taws los ntawm Imam Shamil muab naibs. Tom qab nws yog tej piv txwv ntawm tej me nyuam tshaj plaws centralized tswj. Judicial cai nyob rau hauv txhua lub nroog hauv them nyiaj ntawm cov Mufti, uas tsa Qadi hais plaub.

kev poob cev qhev

Nees nkaum tsib xyoos ntawm kuj muaj kev vam meej txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub North Caucasus Imam Shamil. Biography, ib nyuag excerpt ntawm uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qab no, qhia tau hais tias 1859 yog ib tug raws point nyob rau hauv nws lub neej.

Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog thiab qhov xaus ntawm lub Paris kev sib haum xeeb intensified kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. Tiv thaiv Shamil huab tais txawb ib txog tej commanders - Generals Muraviev thiab Bariatinskii, uas nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1859 ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv capturing lub peev ntawm tus Imamate. Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1859 lub xeem ntxeev siab pab pawg neeg tau raug suppressed los yog ntiab tawm ntawm Chechnya.

National liberation zog tsoo tawm ntawm Adygei thiab tsiv mus rau Dagestan, qhov twg nws yog nws tus kheej Shamil. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj, nws tog besieged Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. Raws li cov rog twb tsis zoo tib, Shamil twb yuam kom nyoo, albeit nyob rau hauv heev honorable cov ntsiab lus uas.

Nyob rau hauv captivity

Yuav ua li cas yuav qhia rau peb txog lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neeg raug txim yog Imam Shamil, biography? Luv luv biography ntawm tus txiv neej no tsis kos peb wei duab ntawm nws lub neej, tab sis nws yuav cia rau kom tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntxhib puas siab puas ntsws profile ntawm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1859 lub imam thawj tau ntsib tus Lavxias teb sab huab tais Alexander II. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Chuguev. Tsis ntev Shamil raug coj mus rau Moscow, qhov uas nws tau ntsib nrog tus naas ej General Yermolov. Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj, tus Imam tau coj mus rau lub capital ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, uas tau qhia rau cov Empress. Raws li peb tau pom, tus thawj coj ntawm lub uprising nyob rau lub tsev hais plaub kho heev loyal.

Tsis ntev Shamil thiab nws tsev neeg twb muab ib tug mus tas qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw nyob - lub nroog ntawm Kaluga. Nyob rau hauv 1861 muaj ib tug thib ob lub rooj sib tham nrog tus huab tais. Thaum lub sij hawm no, Shamil thov kom cia nws mus rau pilgrimage rau Mecca, tab sis twb tsis kam.

Tsib xyoos tom qab, Shamil thiab nws tsev neeg muaj npaum li cas cov lus cog tseg ntawm siab rau lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, yog li kev noj Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Peb xyoos tom qab, raws li huab tais lub decree, Shamil tau txais ib tug knighthood los ntawm txoj cai kom dhau nws los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg. Ib xyoo ua ntej no Imam twb tso cai rau hloov lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab txav mus rau ib tug ntau paaj climatic tej yam kev mob Kiev.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus piav qhia nyob rau hauv luv luv no xyuas txhua yam uas ciaj nyob rau hauv captivity Imam Shamil. Biography nyob rau hauv luv luv hais tias qhov no raug txim yog, txawm li cas los, kuj nyiam thiab zoo siab uas, yam tsawg kawg ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm Lavxias teb sab.

tuag

Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv tib 1869, Shamil muaj peev xwm tseem nrhiav kev tso cai los ntawm tus huab tais nyob rau hauv lub Hajj rau Mecca. Round dawm coj ntau tshaj li ib lub xyoo.

Tom qab Shamil npaj embodied nyob rau hauv lub neej, thiab nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1871, nws txiav txim siab mus nyob rau hauv lub thib ob lub nroog dawb huv rau Muslims - Medina. Muaj nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub xya caum plaub xyoos ntawm lub neej. Imam faus nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg thaj av ntawm lub Caucasus, thiab nyob rau hauv Medina.

Imam Shamil: biography, tsev neeg

Cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tus txiv neej no tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw, li cas los xij, raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Caucasian mountaineers. Cia peb kawm ntxiv txog qhov kev txheeb ze thiab cov phooj ywg ntawm tus poj fighter rau lub ywj pheej ntawm nws cov neeg.

Raws li Muslim kev cai, Shamil muaj txoj cai kom muaj peb kev cai lij choj poj niam. Nws coj kom zoo dua ntawm no txoj cai.

Eldest tus tub Shamil npe Jamaluddin (yug nyob rau hauv 1829). Nyob rau hauv 1839 nws tau muab raws li ib tug neeg raug txhom. Nws kawm nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg rau ib tug par nrog cov me nyuam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nom tswv cajceg. Tom qab ntawd Shamil muaj peev xwm mus pauv tus tub ntawm tus neeg raug txim, tab sis Jamaluddin tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog 29 ntawm tuberculosis.

Ib tug ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus pab ntawm nws txiv yog tus tub thib ob - Gazi-Muhammad. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Shamil naib nws los ua ib tug ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1902 nyob rau hauv lub Ottoman Empire.

Qhov thib peb tus tub - Hais - ntau tuag nyob rau hauv kiag.

Cov menyuam tub - Muammad-Shefi thiab Muhammad Kamil - tuag nyob rau hauv 1906 thiab nyob rau hauv 1951 ntsig txog.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Imam Shamil

Peb tau twb tsis siv cov lus ntawm lub neej, uas yog Imam Shamil (biography, cov duab no yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm). Yuav ua li cas yuav koj ua cov tsos ntawm tus txiv neej no muab feem ntau ntawm no Highlander, ib tug neeg uas lub Caucasus. Nws yog tshwm hais tias qhov no yog ib tug bold thiab decisive cwm pwm, npaj txhij rau ib tug ntau dua lub hom phiaj rau bet ntau. Hais txog Shamil firmness ntawm cov ua cim ntau tshaj li ib zaug tsom nws lub contemporaries.

Rau lub roob neeg ntawm lub Caucasus, Shamil yuav yeej ib txwm yog ib tug cim ntawm lub tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib co ntawm cov hom kev kawm ntawm tus naas ej Imam tsis yeej ib txwm sib yuav niaj hnub notions txog cov kev cai ua tsov ua rog thiab tib neeg.