Mary, poj huab tais ntawm Scots: biography. Keeb kwm ntawm poj huab tais Mary Stuart

Scottish poj huab tais Mary Stuart nyob ib tug zoo lub neej. Nws tragic txoj hmoo tseem attracts xim.

Childhood thiab thaum ntxov xyoo

Mary Stuart - poj huab tais ntawm Scots txij thaum yug kiag, tus uas kav lub Fabkis (raws li tus poj niam ntawm Francis II) thiab ib tug ntawm cov pretenders rau lub zwm txwv ntawm England, yug nyob rau lub hlis ntuj nqeg 8, 1542 nyob rau hauv lub Palace ntawm Linlithgow, nyiam qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub rulers ntawm lub Stuart dynasty.

tus ntxhais ntawm tus ntxhais fuabtais Marii De guise thiab lub Scottish King James V, tus me heiress mus rau ib tug ob peb hnub tom qab yug tus me nyuam, poob nws tus txiv. Nws tuag hluas, thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 30 xyoo. Yog vim li cas rau xws li ib tug tuag thaum ntxov yog ib tug hnyav thiab tsis tshua muaj humiliating yeej ntawm Scotland nyob rau hauv ib tug tub rog teeb meem nrog teb chaws Aas Kiv, txoj barons, mus tshaj mus rau tus yeeb ncuab, thiab txoj kev tuag ntawm ob tug tub.

Txij li thaum tib neeg thiab tsim nyog qub txeeg qub teg tom qab Yakhauj sab laug, cia li yug, nws tus ntxhais twb tshaj tawm hais tias lub tshiab uas kav lub Scotland.

Vim hais tias ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov Mary, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, nws yuav tsis kav, tau raug tsa Regent. Lawv los ua nws cov phooj txheeb ze, Dzheyms Gamilton.

Tub rog teeb meem nrog hais

Keeb kwm ntawm poj huab tais niam mab liab ntawm Scotland yog tag nrho ntawm kev npaj txhij txog twists thiab koj lem. Nws txiv nrhiav ib alliance nrog Fabkis, thiab yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog rau lub British tsoom fwv. Regent Dzheyms Gamilton, ntawm contrast, pib mus nrhiav pro-British txoj cai. Nws tau pom zoo Mary sib yuav mus rau lub txais mus rau lub British rooj huas tias Edward. By lub sij hawm no nws muaj nws coronation.

Tiv thaiv cov kev pab them nqi yog tus poj huab tais niam, liab nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm Scottish nobles rau ib tug tshiab alliance nrog Fabkis. Lawv ua, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov uas yuav tsum ntawm Henry VIII tam sim ntawd xa nws ib tug me ntsis Mary, coj mus rau ib tug ntse hloov nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Los ntawm UFW tuaj rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv Fabkis, thiab hais teb tam sim ntawd rau nws. Pib incursions rau hauv Scotland ntawm British pab tub rog. Lawv puas tej zej zos, thiab rhuav tshem cov pawg ntseeg. Active ntawm UFW ntawm Protestantism tawm suab rapprochement nrog hais. Tag nrho cov no tau coj mus rau lub fact tias cov Scottish tub ceev xwm thov kev pab mus rau Fabkis. daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev sib yuav ntawm Mary thiab txais mus rau lub Fabkis zwm txwv, Francis tau kos npe. Tom qab no tsib-xyoo poj huab tais ntawm Scots raug coj mus rau Fabkis.

Lub neej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Henry II

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1548 Me Mary nrog ib tug me me retinue tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Paris. Nws tau muab ib tug sov heev txais tos ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub Fabkis huab tais. Nws muaj nws tau txais ib qho kev kawm zoo: kawm ob peb hom lus, kawm tau mus ua si qhov lute thiab hu nkauj.

10 xyoo tom qab nws tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Fabkis Koroleva Mariya Scots thiab Francis tau sib yuav. No ib pab pawg, yog ib lub yam kev mob ntawm uas yog Fabkis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kis tau tus mob ntawm Scotland childless poj huab tais, angered ntawm nws lub tsev.

Koroleva Mariya Scots thiab Francis nyob ua ke tau ob xyoos xwb. Tom qab accession rau lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv nws 1559 lub teb chaws tau kav Ekaterina Medichi, leej niam ntawm tus huab tais. Tsis muaj zog noj qab haus huv Francis tuag nyob rau hauv 1560. Nws txoj kev tuag yog tus nyob rau rov qab los ntawm Mary Stuart tsev.

regency niam

Keeb kwm ntawm poj huab tais niam mab liab ntawm Scotland yog zoo li ib tug tragic tshiab. Txij thaum yug kiag nws twb dragged rau hauv nom tswv kev ua si ntawm lub zwmtxwv, nws nyob sab nraum lub teb rau ntau xyoo thiab kav nws tus kheej luv luv-nyob rau xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, thaum nws mus nyob hauv cov Fabkis, es tsis txhob ntawm nws lub teb chaws kav los ntawm nws niam, Mariya De guise. Nws yog ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm rau Scotland. Aristocrats twb tsis zoo siab nrog cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib yuav ntawm lawv poj huab tais, Protestants nce intensified cov nyhuv uas coj mus rau ib tug split nyob rau hauv zej zog. Ntau cov teeb meem tshwm sim tuaj nrog tus qaum mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm ces Elizabeth I. Nws twb tsis raws cai, thiab Mary, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, muaj ntau txoj kev los mus inherit lub crown ntawm ces. Nws mus raws li nram no: tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog Elizabeth tshoom lub zwm txwv, tab sis tsis officially renounce nws txoj cai rau nws. Tab sis, thaum Maria ua pob ua uas nyob mus ib txhis lwj lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kav. Nws txo nws hwj rau nws lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm ces tus yas, implying hais tias nws yog qhov tseeb txais.

Uas pib ntawm lub sij hawm no lub Protestant kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Scotland ua nws los ntawm UFW mus nrhiav kev pab los ntawm teb chaws Askiv, thiab Elizabeth kuv nkag tau rau pab tub rog lub teb chaws. Mary, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, yuav pab tsis tau leej niam, vim hais tias lawv twb tsis ntxim, thiab Ekaterina Medichi, uas kav Fabkis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tsis xav mus nkag rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog teb chaws Aas Kiv.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1560 tuag Mariya De guise - nws yog qhov kawg lub chaw khuam siab rau qhov kawg yeej ntawm Protestantism nyob rau hauv Scotland. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd tuag Francis II.

Homecoming

Nyob rau hauv 1561, Mary Stuart rov qab mus rau Scotland. Qhov teeb meem no, uas ntaus 18-xyoo-laus poj huab tais, yog tsis tshua muaj neeg yooj yim. Ntawm UFW ntawm cov union nrog Fabkis twb npaj txhij los txhawb nws nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. Cov hauj sim tis yuav pauv mus rau nws ib sab xwb nyob rau hauv mob ntawm preservation ntawm Protestantism thiab lub orientation ntawm ib tug rapprochement nrog hais. Qhov tseem radical ib feem ntawm lub aristocracy ntawm lub Protestant poj huab tais demanded ib tug tam sim ntawd so nrog lub Catholic txoj kev ntseeg thiab nws cov sib yuav nrog ib tug ntawm lawv cov thawj coj - Earl ntawm Arran. Nyob rau hauv tej yam, peb yuav tsum tau ua heev cautiously.

Board thiab kev nom kev tswv

Koroleva Mariya Scots, uas yog tsis tshua muaj nthuav biography nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm nws reign, yuav tsum tau ceev faj. Protestantism nws tsis kam txais, tab sis kuj los Catholicism nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tsis sim. Raug raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tsawv thaiv los ntawm typing nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb txaus nyob rau hauv lub xeev, William Maitland thiab James Stewart, nws ib nrab-tij laug. Radicals sim npaj ib lub conspiracy tawm tsam nws, tab sis nws ua tsis tau tejyam. Poj huab tais teb pom tau hais tias Protestant kev ntseeg, tab sis tsis severed ties nrog Rome. Txoj cai no tau coj zoo tau - nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Mary Stuart nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog nyob ntawm siab tus tus.

Yog hais tias cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yuav to taub tsis muaj bloodshed, txawv teb chaws txoj cai coj ib tug ntau ntau teeb meem. Scotland poj huab tais resolutely tsis kam lees paub Elizabeth kuv qhov tseeb txais, hoping kom lawv siv lawv txoj cai rau cov English zwm txwv. Tsis muaj leej twg lawv yuav mus rau Conciliation.

Tej lub neej

Tej portrait ntawm Mary Stuart, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, hais tias nws yog ib tug charming poj niam. Cov neeg koom rau nws txhais caj npab twb teem. Tom qab cia li tuag ntawm Francis II thiab poj huab tais rov qab mus tsev rau qhov teeb meem ntawm nws tus tshiab sib yuav yog tshwj xeeb yog mob. Ntsib nyob rau hauv 1565 cov tub ntxhais Genriha Styuarta, nws poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws thaum xub thawj pom, thiab hais tias tib lub xyoo coj lawv lub neej. Qhov no tshwm sim los muaj zog discontent tsis tau tsuas yog tus poj huab tais of England, tab sis kuj cov neeg uas ze tshaj ntawm UFW ntawm Marii Styuart. Nws sib yuav yog tus nyob rau ua hauj lwm ntawm txoj cai ntawm rapprochement nrog hais. Dzheyms Styuart pib ib tug ntxeev siab tawm tsam tus poj huab tais, tab sis nws muaj kev tswj los mus nrhiav kev pab txhawb thiab muaj peev xwm mus tsav lub conspirators los ntawm lub teb chaws.

Qhov thib ob kev sib yuav yog hai. Yog nruab nrab kav, Henry sim coj tswj ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes, yog li ntawd Maria tsis kam ua. Zuj zus lawv loj hlob sib nrug. Poj huab tais nce tso siab rau kev pab los ntawm nws secretary Davida Richcho, thiab nyob rau hauv retaliation, Henry ua phooj ywg nrog Protestants thiab coj ib feem nyob rau hauv ib tug kev koom tes tiv thaiv tsis tau tus nyiam poj niam. Riccio assassinated nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tus poj huab tais. Nws yuav tsum tau ua ib qho kev rau siab thiab txawm mus rau reconcile nrog nws tus txiv ua kom puas lub prevailing kev koom tes tawm tsam nws. Tab sis lub kev sib raug zoo nrog Henry twb puas tag. Tom tsis tau tsuas yog pab rau lub brutal tua ntawm Riccio, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tshiab hobby poj huab tais - siab tawv Earl ntawm Bothwell. Thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau nws kev zoo siab yog tus txij nkawm. Nws yeej yuav paub tias lawv tshiab khiv yug tub Yakhauj tsis raws cai, thiab cia hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua.

Genrih Styuart, Tswv Darnley, raug tua nyob rau hauv lub tawg ntawm hmoov keg nyob rau hauv lub tsev nyob qhov twg nws nyob, nyob rau hauv lub hmo ntuj los 8 mus 9 Lub ob hlis ntuj 1567. Nws twb pom tuag nyob rau hauv lub vaj thaum uas ua rau kev khiav.

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Mary koom nyob rau hauv cov zajlus tiv thaiv nws tus txiv yog tseem xam tau tias yog muaj teeb meem. Darnley thiab muaj lwm yam mob loj cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis nrov rumor blamed cov poj huab tais. Thiab nws, rau ib txhia yog vim li cas, tsis tau ua dab tsi los ua pov thawj nws innocence mus rau lub Scottish txhaum. On qhov tsis tooj, lo lus kev sib thab tag nrho, tsawg tshaj li ib lub hlis tom qab nws tus txiv tuag nws sib yuav Bothwell.

overthrow

Qhov no hasty kev sib yuav yog ib tug tragic yuam kev huab tais. Nws tam sim ntawd poob nws them nyiaj yug, thiab nws tw kom sai coj kom zoo dua ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Sib sau ua ke zog, lawv twb tiv thaiv Mary thiab nws cov tshiab tus txiv. Muaj koob muaj npe tub rog yeej, cov huab tais surrendered, ua ntej uas tau mus luaj ib txoj kev mus rau kev khiav nws tus txiv. Lub tsev fuabtais Lohvelene nws twb yuam kom kos npe rau ib renunciation ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm ib tug tub hluas.

Kev khiav mus ces. Ib tug hai los kom rov hwj chim

Tsis yog txhua txhua pom zoo nrog rau cov nobles raug yuam xaav ntawm nws tus pas ntsuas. Lub teb chaws pib excitement. Mary, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, yog tau coj kom zoo dua ntawm no thiab dim ntawm lub qhov taub. Sim rov hwj chim ua tsis tau tejyam. txheem pab tub rog twb tua yeej thiab deposed huab tais twb yuam kom khiav tawm mus ces.

Zajlus tiv thaiv Elizabeth kuv

Cov poj huab tais ntawm ces yog nyob rau hauv ib tug me teeb meem no. Pab cov tub rog rog nws yuav tsis xa ib tug nkauj muam nraug nus nyob rau hauv Fabkis, heev - Maria yuav tam sim ntawd pib mus rau pem hauv ntej lub thov kom cov kawm lus Askiv zwm txwv. Elizabeth qhib ib tshawb nrhiav mus rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm lub thib ob txiv ntawm Mary thiab nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws.

Poj huab tais tw hais cov tsiaj ntawv (tsuas yog nws cov kwv huam, lawv fake), uas allegedly implied tias nws paub txog lub cuab ntxhiab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev hais plaub thiab dua tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv Scotland unrest Maria thaum kawg poob kev cia siab rau rov hwj chim.

Thaum nyob rau hauv txim, nws ua heev ua lwj ua liam, pib coj nrog lwm muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev. Tiv thaiv Elizabeth tsis txhob sim mus offset nws los ntawm lub zwm txwv, thiab Mary tseem ib tug loj contender rau nws.

Mus sib hais thiab tiav Marii Styuart, poj huab tais ntawm Scots

Nws lub npe yog ntaus nqi mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm uncovering conspiracies tiv thaiv Elizabeth, tab sis nws hesitated, tsis daring mus rau huab ntsuas. Tsuas yog thaum nws tuaj nyob rau ib rival xov xwm nrog ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub conspirators, tus poj huab tais ntawm ces tau txiav txim siab los lub tsev hais plaub. Nws raug txim Mary Stuart rau txoj kev tuag. Elizabeth tos rau kuv nkauj muam nraug nus lacrimal thov rau clemency, tab sis yuav tsis muaj avail.

Mary Stuart, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej uas tseem dominates lub minds ntawm historians thiab kos duab cov neeg sawv cev, nce lub Scaffold thiab laj mej pej xeem tua nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum sawv ntxov nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 44 xyoo 8 Lub ob hlis ntuj 1587. Kuv cia nws kuj ceeb tias lub siab tawv qhawv, thiab tau nce lub Scaffold, nws lub taub hau tsa kom siab. Stefan Tsveyg brilliantly piav txog tus poj huab tais lub txim nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no amazing poj niam.

Scottish poj huab tais Mary Stuart nyob rau hauv kos duab

Nws tragic txoj hmoo thiab lub siab phem rau txim tau rau qhov chaw uas muaj ntau artistic hauj lwm. Stefan Tsveyg, Friedrich Schiller thiab lwm yam neeg sau ntawv muaj nplooj siab lawv tej hauj lwm rau nws. Tus tua Marii Styuart, poj huab tais ntawm Scots, yog qhov motive ntawm ntau canvasses.

Lub xinesmas kuj tsis poob qab. Ib sim neej nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib ce thiab downs, kev hlub thiab treachery, kev cia siab thiab ntxeev siab, yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub feature thiab documentary films.

Lub npe ntawm no txawv tshaj plaw poj niam yuav ib tug ntau ntawm cov zajlus dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab series, "Lub Nceeg Vaj," tus sau ntawv mus rau distortion ntawm cov keeb kwm txoj cai - Koroleva Mariya Scots thiab Sebastian, lub tsaub tub Henry II thiab Diane de Poitiers, ntawm no hais raws li lovers. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb xws li ib tug keeb kwm cim tsis yog.

Nyob rau hauv 2013, nws yog tsim los ntawm cov zaj duab xis "Mary - tus poj huab tais of Scots (Scotland)," uas qhia txog cov amazing destiny ntawm tus pas ntsuas kev coj tus kheej lub banner rau hauv peb crowns.