Kypchak Khanate: lub keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm

Kypchak medieval khanate - conglomerate Polovtsian pab pawg neeg uas muaj loj heev steppe cheeb tsam ntawm kev Eurasia. Lawv lub teb chaws ncav us txog ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub Danube nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob mus rau lub Irtysh dej rau sab hnub tuaj thiab los ntawm cov Kama dej nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub Aral hiav txwv. Thaum lub sij hawm lub hav zoov Kypchak Khanate - XI - XIII centuries.

prehistory

Polovtsi (lwm lub npe: Kipchak polovchane, Cumans) twb Turkic cov neeg uas muaj classical steppe nomadic txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII, lawv tsim lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Kazakhstan. Lawv cov neeg nyob ze yog cov Khazars thiab Oghuz. Polovtsian sires pog koob yawg koob tau xav hais tias wb lub steppes ntawm sab hnub tuaj Tien Shan thiab Mongolia. Uas yog vim li cas cov thawj sau pov thawj txog cov neeg - Suav.

Nyob rau hauv 744, lub Cumans tuaj nyob rau hauv txoj cai Kimaks thiab rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Kimek Khanate. Nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua qhov teeb meem no los ua ntxeev. Polovtsi tiav hegemony tshaj Kimaks. Yog li ntawd, Kypchak Khanate. Thaum pib ntawm XI xyoo pua, nws yog thawb tawm ntawm lub qis nce mus txog ntawm tus dej Syr Darya ze pawg neeg ntawm cov Oghuz. Nyob rau ciam teb nrog Khorezm nyob rau hauv Polovtsian yog Sygnak nroog, qhov uas lawv siv lub caij ntuj no encampment. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw yog lub ruins ntawm tus ancient nroog, cuag ib tug loj archaeological nqi.

ua ib tug lub xeev

Los ntawm 1050 Kypchak Khanate absorbed tag nrho lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Kazakhstan (tsuas yog Semirechye). Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj, tus ciaj ciam ntawm lub State mus txog lub Irtysh dej thiab nws cov western ciam teb rau lwm tswm rau lub Volga. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Kipchak mus txog Talas, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb - Siberian forests.

Cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov nomads twb tsim nyob rau hauv lub merger ntawm ntau lwm haiv neeg. Historians qhia ob tug tseem ceeb Kipchak pawg neeg: yanto saib seb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Cumans mingled nrog lawv kov yeej cov neeg nyob ze (Turks thiab Oguz). Tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam tau dab tsi rau mus txog 16 Kipchak pab pawg neeg. Nws borili, toksoba, durut, karaborikly, bizhanak thiab t. D.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm XI xyoo pua Kypchak Khanate mus txog lub ncov ntawm nws expansion. Travelers nyob rau ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv thiab lub Lavxias teb sab steppes, xeeb tus ciam teb ntawm lub Byzantine Empire. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no loj tsiv teb tsaws muaj ib tug disintegration ntawm lub zej zog Kypchaks ob zwj ceeb qhov chaw: sab hnub tuaj thiab hnub poob. Cov ciam teb ntawm lawv cov lus dag nyob rau hauv Volga (Cumans hu ua nws "Itil").

Public qauv

Kipchak haiv neeg ntawd caste thiab kev zoo tib. Lub ntsiab vaj tse, tau lees tias cov zoo, yog lub nyuj thiab nees. Nws yog lawv tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg suav hais tias ib tug qhia ntawm tus txiv neej lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug ntaiv. Ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg yog nyob rau hauv communal tswv cuab. Tej tsiaj twb cim tamgas (nrog tshwj xeeb cim). Pastures kuj feeb koom rau cov aristocracy.

Feem ntau ntawm Kipchak muaj zoo tib yam herders thiab neeg zej zog. Lawv pom tau hais tias dawb, tiam sis feem ntau dhau nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ntau haib neeg nyob ze. Nrog lub poob ntawm lawv tus nyuj ib tug txiv neej deprived ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau mus thiab ua yatukom - tswm inhabitants. Qhov tseem powerless nyob hauv zej zog Polovtsian qhev. Kypchak Khanate, uas nws khwv nyiaj txiag yog kev lom zem ntau raws li yuam ua hauj lwm, nce tus naj npawb ntawm qhev nyob rau tus nqi ntawm kev tsov kev rog.

Relations nrog Russia

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm XI xyoo pua pib Lavxias teb sab-Polovtsian tsov rog. Nomads tsis sim yuav tsum yeej xwb lub East Slavic nqi zog, tab sis tuaj rau hauv thaj av uas ntawm lwm leej lwm tus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm plunder thiab tshiab qhev. Steppe xaiv cuab yeej thiab tej tsiaj nyeg thiab nyuaj siab heev ua liaj ua teb av. Lawv tawm tsam yog cia li thiab swift. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub nomads muaj sij hawm los ploj ntev ua ntej qhov ntxeem tau mus rau lawv qhov chaw tuaj tus tub huabtais lub retinue.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau txom nyem av nyob ib ncig ntawm Kiev, Ryazan Pereyaslavl thiab piglets thiab Siverschyna. Nws yog nyob rau lawv nplua nuj pawg neeg thaj av thiab lub zos phiaj lawv tsis hlub leejtwg li tawm tsam Kypchak Khanate. 11 - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th - lub sij hawm ntawm kev clashes nrog lub Lavxias teb sab steppe squads. Vim hais tias ntawm cov kev txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv sab qab teb, cov neeg sim mus txav los ze zog mus forests, uas ho tsa lub tsiv teb tsaws ntawm Eastern Slavic pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir nqi zog.

Chronicle ntawm raids

Thaum Kypchak Khanate, uas nws lub teb chaws tau nce ho, tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog Russia, Slavic lub xeev, nyob rau hauv lwm cov tes, nws tau nkag mus rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm ntsoog tshwm sim los ntawm lub feudal fragmentation thiab nrog internecine kev tsov kev rog. Tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov txheej xwm nce txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm nomads ntawm lub sij hawm.

Cov thawj loj yeej Polovtsy taws los ntawm Khan Iskaliev tshwm sim los Pereyaslavl tub huabtais Vsevolod Yaroslavich nyob rau hauv 1061. Xya xyoo tom qab, cov tub rog tua yeej cov Lavxias teb sab steppe coalition peb Rurik ntawm tus dej Alta. Nyob rau hauv 1078 nyob rau sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nezhatina Teb tuag nyob rau hauv Kiev Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej poob rau Russia yog lom zem ntau vim lub cev tsis muaj kev monarchs pom zoo ntawm lawv tus kheej rau qhov zoo.

Rurik yeej

Kypchak medieval khanate, cov nom tswv system thiab txawv teb chaws kev sib raug zoo uas zoo li ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm cov horde, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm ntse terrorized lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Cuaj kaum, lub yeej ntawm lub Eastern Slavs yuav tsis kav mus ib txhis. Lub personification ntawm ib tug tshiab puag ncig ntawm tawm tsam nrog Polovtsy yog Vladimir Monomakh.

Nyob rau hauv 1096 tus tub huabtais yeej Kipchak rau Trubezh dej. Nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua tua cov thawj coj Tugorkan nomads. Interestingly, tus tsim Kypchak Khanate, nws yog rau tej yam tsis paub hais tias mus historians. Cov ntaub ntawv tsuas cov rulers uas tshaj tawm hais tias ua tsov ua rog rau neighboring powers los yog koom nrog lawv nyob rau hauv diplomatic ties. Tugorkan Khan yog ib tug ntawm lawv.

txaus ntshai zej zog

Ua tsaug rau lub siab tawv ntawm Slavic squads nres lub expansion ntawm ib tug uas rau xyoo txuas ntxiv Kypchak Khanate. Luv luv, lub Polovtsian kev pab yog tsis txaus rau ib yam dab tsi rau co lub sovereignty ntawm Russia. Rurik sim nrog kev thab los ntawm kev txhais tau tias muaj. Cov thawj ncaav ciam teb chaw tiv thaiv thiab tswm lawv nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb tswm Turks - dub tog vaj tog tsev. Lawv nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Kiev av, thiab muaj lub sij hawm ua raws li ib tug tiv thaiv ntawm Russia.

Vladimir Monomakh thawj tsis tau tsuas yog yeej Kipchak, tab sis kuj sim mus tso ib tug offensive nyob rau hauv kev txom steppe. Nws phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv 1111, uas yog kev cob cog rua rau lwm Rurik, tau raug tsa ntawm cov kev lom ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, nyob rau hauv uas lub thaj knights wrested lub nroog Yeluxalees Muslims. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej txoj kev xyaum ntawm offensive kev tsov kev rog nyob rau hauv cov suab puam tau los ua ib tug kev lig kev cai. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg yog ib tug phiaj los nqis tes Seversky tub huabtais Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, cov txheej xwm uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm "Lay".

Cumans thiab Byzantines

Zog ntawm Guj kuj tsis yog European lub teb chaws uas hu Kypchak Khanate. Txoj kev uas lub steppe kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Byzantine Empire yog lub npe hu rau medieval Greek keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv 1091 Cumans nkag mus rau hauv ib tug luv luv alliance nrog lub Lavxias teb sab None Vasilko Rostislavichem. Tus aim ntawm qhov coalition yog tus yeej ntawm lwm cov nomads - Pechenegs. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI lawv tau raug ntiab khiav tawm los ntawm lub Polovtsy steppes ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv thiab tam sim no kuj raug teeb meem ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm lub Byzantine Empire.

Tsis kam zam lub xub ntiag ntawm hordes nyob rau hauv nws ciam teb, lub Greeks nkag mus rau hauv ib qho kev pab pawg nrog cornflowers thiab Kipchak. Nyob rau hauv 1091 lawv ua ke pab tub rog, taws los ntawm cov huab tais Aleksey kuv Komnin, yeej cov tub rog ntawm Pechenegs nyob rau sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Leburne. Txawm li cas los, kev phooj ywg nrog Polovtsy tsis tsim los ntawm lub Greeks. Twb tau nyob rau 1092 cov khanate txhawb impostor thiab ua txuj los muaj hwj chim nyob rau hauv Constantinople Lzhediogena. Cumans invaded lub teb chaws Ottoman. Byzantines yeej lub uninvited qhua nyob rau hauv 1095, ua raws li los ntawm cov neeg rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tsis sim mus dhau lawv ib txwm steppe.

Cov phoojywg uas lub Bulgarians

Yog hais tias cov Greeks nyob rau kev tsov kev rog Kipchak, lub Bulgarians txij thaum lub Balkans yuav luag ib txwm txuas alliance. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm ob haiv neeg tiv thaiv nyob rau sab tib nyob rau hauv 1186. Thaum Bulgarians hla tus Danube thiab tiv thaiv tau tus huab tais Isaac II Angelos muab tso cia rau hauv lub rebellion ntawm lawv compatriots nyob rau hauv lub Balkans. Nyob rau hauv lub phiaj los nqis tes Slavs nquag pab cov Polovtsian hordes. Nws yog lawv swift nres ntshai Greeks uas yog tsis accustomed mus tua xws li ib tus nrog sib ntaus.

Nyob rau hauv 1187 - 1280 xyoo. txiav txim dynasty nyob rau hauv Bulgaria twb Asen. Nws yog lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Kipchak yog ib tug piv txwv ntawm ib tug muaj zog union. Piv txwv li, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XIII Tsar Kaloyan nrog steppe dwellers tshaj li ib zaug ntxhov nws muaj neeg nyob ze Hungarian huab tais Imre. Ces muaj ib tug ntu-txiav txim siab kev tshwm sim - Western Knights yuav Constantinople thiab rhuav tshem cov Byzantine Empire, thiab ua lawv tus kheej nyob rau lub ruins - Latin. Bulgarians sai ua ntsim yeeb ncuab ntawm lub Franks. Nyob rau hauv 1205, muaj ib tug naas ej sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Adrianople, qhov twg lub Slavic-Polovtsian pab tub rog tua yeej cov Latins. Crusaders raug kev txom nyem ib crushing yeej, thiab lawv huab tais Baldwin txawm yog tej. Ib tug decisive luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub yeej ua si maneuverable cavalry Kipchak.

Conquest ntawm lub Mongols

Txawm ua tau zoo Polovtsian kaj nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, lawv withered tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm qhov txaus ntshai hem thawj uas tau los rau teb chaws Europe los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Thaum pib ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua nws tus kheej faj tim teb chaws pib tsim lub Mongols. Thawj lawv kov yeej Tuam Tshoj, thiab ces tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob. Yooj yim kov yeej Central Asia, tus tshiab conquerors pib txwv tsis pub Polovtsy thiab lawv neighboring haiv neeg.

Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, cov thawj lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv nres Alans. Kypchaki tsis kam mus pab lawv. Ces nws yog lawv tig. Thaum nws los ua tseeb hais tias cov Mongol ntxeem tau yuav zam tsis, lub Polovtsian khans thov mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab princes. Muaj ntau Rurik yeej teb. Nyob rau hauv 1223 ib tug sib koom Lavxias teb sab-Polovtsian pab tub rog tau ntsib tus Mongols nyob rau sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Kalka River. Nws raug kev txom nyem ib crushing swb. Tom qab 15 xyoo, lub Mongols rov qab mus nrhiav kom tau nws tus quab tshaj Eastern Europe. Nyob rau hauv 1240-ies. Kypchanskoe Khanate raug thaum kawg puas tsuaj lawm. Cumans raws li ib tug neeg uas muaj lub sij hawm ploj mus, zoo cov lwm tus haiv neeg ntawm lub Great steppe.