Tsim, Zaj dabneeg
Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia: Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yam
Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, tau undergone loj hloov nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov kev hloov tau coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm ntawv system, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm neeg zoo tib yam thiab cov ntaub ntawv, painting. Yog hais tias txoj kev paub no yuav tsum tau txais feem ntau cov me nyuam ua nom ua tswv los ntawm ib tug neeg pab qhia ntawv, tab sis tam sim no kev kawm ntawv yog muab nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv. Kev kawm ntawv yuav muaj rau tag nrho cov, hais txog ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv.
Creation ntawm tsev kawm ntawv ntiav nyob rau hauv Russia
Nthuav mus tshawb ib co "Azbukovnik". Nws fwm handwritten thiab luam phau ntawv rau cov me nyuam nyeem ntawv, uas twb muaj kev txawj rau kev nyeem ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus ncaj qha ntawv nyeem los nyeem nyob rau hauv Azbukovnik tau muab tswv yim pom zoo rau cov xib fwb - yuav ua li cas qhia nyeem ntawv, kev cai ntawm kev coj cwj pwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev.
Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia tsis hais tas mus li qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov me nyuam tom tsev kawm ntawv. Tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, raws li tam sim no, nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv lub yav tav su rov qab mus tsev. Paub siv tau rau tag nrho cov, tsis muaj kev zam, thiab cov nplua nuj thiab cov neeg pluag, thiab cov neeg pluag.
Sau phau ntawv - ib tug zoo kev pab txhawb nqa rau txoj kev kawm
Txeeb lub sij hawm los mus ua luam phau ntawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev muaj feem rau kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Tus ceev xwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv txhua txhua zaj lus qhia tso tawm phau ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm.
Nyob rau hauv Moscow, pib sau primers, uas yuav yuav txawm lub poorest feem ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov phau ntawv no raug nqi xwb 1 penny, enjoyed zoo chaw.
Nws yog noteworthy tias cov tsiaj ntawv, sau los ntawm dis kas Vladimir Burtsev, twb muag tawm nyob rau hauv ib hnub nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov 2400 tej daim.
Ib me ntsis tom qab, muaj cov tsiaj ntawv uas muaj duab luam tawm Karionom Istominym. Phau ntawv no yog ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus paub rau tag nrho cov ntawm peb. Txhua tsab ntawv raws li ib tug duab, lub npe ntawm uas pib thaum lub suab.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug neeg repetirorov
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua 17th los ntawm Kiev 30 monks, kws tshawb fawb tau caw. Lawv yuav tsum tau qhib ib lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm St. Andrew Monastery nyob rau hauv Moscow. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhia rau cov tub noblemen philosophy, rhetoric, Greek thiab Latin.
Tsis tau muaj ntau notable neeg tej yam txawv ntawm xws li ib tug system ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Lawv ntseeg hais tias qhov no txoj kev ua rau yus heresy thiab kev kho mob ntawm Vajtswv.
Tab sis txawm lub sidelong glances, cov tsev kawm ntawv txuas mus rau monasteries pib tshwm qhov txhia chaw. Ivan Fomin, lub pov thawj Vvedensky lub tsev teev ntuj, nyob rau nws tus kheej nyiaj qhib ib lub tsev kawm ntawv. Phev Polotsky taws Zaikonospassky tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau monastery.
Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab khiv qhib tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Lavxias teb sab qauv sau ntawv, qhia Latin thiab Greek.
Cov chav kawm yuav tsum xaiv qhov prefects. Lawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm qhov ceeb thawj nyob rau hauv ib pab neeg thiab yuav txawm hloov cov xib fwb. Lawv lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm yog rau cov tis ntawm cov phau ntawv, lub sij hawm ntawm luag hauj lwm thiab kev tswj kev qhuab qhia.
Rau cov neeg uas tau txais kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, nruj kev qhuab qhia yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm txoj kev kawm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog menyuam thiab yuav tsum tau ceev faj tus cwj pwm rau hauv phau ntawv thiab feem ntau rau tag nrho cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub obligatory observance ntawm tus txheej txheem thiab kom huv, uas txwv tsis pub hais lus phem hu khub niam txiv thiab lawv cov offensive lus. Yog li xeeb tau ib yam ntawm cov neeg solidarity.
Qhia txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th
Yog hais tias lub tsim ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, muaj ib zaug xwb txoj kev nws yog zoo tib yam rau cov kev cai nyob rau hauv dag zog yuam nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Western teb chaws Europe thiab tim Nkij teb chaws. Lub ntsiab yam tau nyeem ntawv, sau ntawv, suav thiab hu nkauj.
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau peb kev kawm ntawv, twb yuav tsum tau qhia rau cov qauv kev cai dab qhuas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muab qhov yooj yim kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm free sciences. Cov muaj xws li: cov qauv sau ntawv, astronomy, suab paj nruag, dialectic, rhetoric, xam, astronomy.
Azbukovnik muaj txawv kwv huam uas cov me nyuam yog qhia thiab hais rau los ntawm lub plawv. me nyuam kawm ntawv kuj muaj qhia rau cov qauv rau kev paj huam, qhia rau sau ntawv mus rau high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm.
Cov kev cai sau nyob rau hauv Azbukovnik, muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv, li ntawd, nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg paub tias kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th - ib qho qauv ntawm cov kev qhia ntawv, uas tom qab ua lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov kev kawm.
Lub nuances ntawm cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th
Txawm tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm, tsev kawm ntawv pib thiab twb nrog Vajtswv txoj lus. Qhov no yog to taub, vim hais tias cov xib fwb twb clerics.
Tab sis nws yog cov pov thawj kis lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm ntawv, universal ntaub kawm ntawv. Nws twb ntseeg tau tias cov kev txawj ntse neeg yuav tsum to taub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev ntseeg thiab lub tswv yim ntawm morality. Yuav tsum txawj rau kev nyeem ntawv feem ntau rau koj tus kheej mus kawm vaj lug kub thiab to taub tag nrho lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim card sau ntawv.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb caum los ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th Zog ntawm Guj kuj yog kom coj ncaj ncees tug neeg uas paub cov qauv rau kev ntseeg Vajtswv thiab muaj cov kev txawj ntse ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv.
Nthuav mus kawm cov kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ancient xav. Muaj ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau txhais mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, thiab lawv tsim ib tug kom zoo lub tswv yim. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv kawm Aristotle lub tswv yim, "Dialectics" ntawm lub nroog Damaxaka. Nyob rau hauv lub teb feem ntau muab tso rau txawv sau ntawv, uas proves tias ceev faj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm philosophy phau ntawv.
Tshiab theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv tau muab impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kos duab
Nrog universal nyeem ntawv, pib tshwm tag nrho cov tshiab yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo kev loj hlob tau txais cov paj huam thiab stylistic dab neeg. Peb sau ntau plays, uas tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ua yeeb yam.
Painting kuj undergone kev hloov. Muaj xws li ib hom ntawv nyeem raws li ib tug secular portrait, kiag li zoo li tus thawj. Qhov tseem zoo-paub nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub artist yog Ushakov, uas tau sau muaj ntau yam nto moo neeg uas lub sij hawm.
Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, physics thiab Science News for KIDS, caag tshiab nyob rau hauv lub khoom siv tes ua ntawm caj npab, thiab txoj kev paub no pab kis expeditions. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb absorbed ntau thiab ntau loj heev ib ncig ntawm Russia.
Nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia nws satisfies cov kev txaus siab feem ntau ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab hauv lub xeev. Txog thaum lub xyoo pua thaum 18th, cov menyuam kawm ntawv paub nyob rau hauv cov kev pom zoo txoj kev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kawg, cov nqe lus ntawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob yuav tsum tau ntxiv kho.
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