Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm "Eugene Onegin", cov khoom tsom xam

Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm "Eugene Onegin" - "tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub siab thiab lub plawv txias tsom kwm tu siab daim ntawv ceeb toom" - ib tug zoo heev Lavxias teb sab classic Aleksandrom Sergeevichem Pushkinym tsis zoo li ib tug blitzkrieg. Artwork tsim ib qho kev evolutionary kws sau paj lug, npav nws rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm realism. Ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub raws li ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kawm Askiv yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim. Ua ntej ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv sau nyob rau hauv tib lub hom ntawv nyeem, tsuas yog ib analogue - romantic ua hauj lwm ntawm George Gordon Byron lub "Don Juan".

Tus sau txiav txim siab los tawm tswvyim

Pushkin mus zoo Englishman - realism. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub kws sau paj lug tau teem ib lub hom phiaj - los qhia ib tug neeg uas yuav pab raws li ib lub hauv paus rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm Russia. Alexander, sib koom tswv yim ntawm cov Decembrists, pom tau hais tias ib tug zoo teb chaws yuav tsum tsiv mus nyob zoo li ib tug tshem ciav hlau, nrog ib tug tuag-end txoj kev uas coj tag nrho cov haiv neeg mus rau ib tug mauj teebmeem.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm "Eugene Onegin" yog txhais Titanic poetic ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm Tej zaum 1823 rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj xyoo 1830 lub tswv yim reinterpretation ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag ntawm thawj lub quarter ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Cov dab neeg nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub yog tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv lub plaub theem ntawm creativity Alexander Pushkin: sab qab teb mus (1820 - 1824 gg.), Yog "non-autocratic tawm hauv lub qub txeeg qub tes Mikhailovskoye" (1824 - 1826 gg.), Lub sij hawm tom qab qhov link (1826 - 1830 gg.), boldins (1830)

AS Pushkin lub "Eugene Onegin": lub keeb kwm ntawm creation

Hluas Pushkin, ib tug kawm tiav ntawm lub Tsarskoye selo Lyceum, nyob rau hauv cov lus uas huab tais Alexander kuv, «Russia yog flooded nrog outrageous kwv huam", nws pib sau nws cov dab neeg thaum nyob rau hauv exile nyob rau hauv Chisinau (ua tsaug rau lub intercession ntawm cov phooj ywg coj mus Siberia tau raug zam). By lub sij hawm no nws yog tus mlom ntawm Lavxias teb sab educated hluas.

Yog li ntawd, kuv siv zog los mus tsim ib cov duab ntawm tus hero ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, nws painfully nrhiav ib lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yuav tsum tau cov cab kuj tshiab cov tswv yim, tus creator ntawm tus tshiab Russia.

Lub socio-economic teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws

Xav txog cov kev sib raug zoo puag ncig nyob rau hauv uas tus tshiab yog tsim. Zog ntawm Guj kuj yeej nyob rau hauv lub 1812 tsov rog. Qhov no muab tseem ceeb impetus rau cov pej xeem siab rau liberation ntawm feudal fetters. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov neeg xav hnov lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Yog nws liberation inevitably entailed muaj kev txwv ntawm powers ntawm lub huab tais. Tsim tam sim ntawd tom qab tsov rog, lub zej zog tiv thaiv tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv 1816 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg roos Decembrist "Union ntawm Salvation." koom haum los ntawm lub "Union ntawm Welfare" nyob rau hauv 1818 nyob rau hauv Moscow. Decembrists, cov koom haum muaj kev koom pab mus rau tsim ntawm ib tug tsis nrug pej xeem lub tswv yim, thiab tos rau lub sij hawm rau ib tug coup. Ntawm cov Decembrists yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov Pushkin tus phooj ywg. Nws qhia lawv views.

Russia twb ua ib tug paub tias European lub teb chaws nrog ib tug neeg nyob ntawm txog 40 lab cov neeg nyob hauv nws qhuav lawm tua ntawm lub xeev capitalism. Txawm li cas los, nws cov nyiaj txiag lub neej yog tseem txiav txim rudiments ntawm feudalism, aristocratic landowning thiab ua lag luam hauv chav kawm ntawv. Cov kev pab pawg, maj mam poob phaus pej xeem, tseem haib thiab siv los mus cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm lub xeev, txuas rau lub feudal kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Lawv champions ntawm ib haiv neeg ua rau obsolete Catherine tus noble hauv paus ntsiab lus xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv Russia XVIII caug xyoo.

Muaj cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub social thiab economic ntsoog ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg. Lub teb chaws yog lub tsev mus rau ntau yam zoo-kawm ntawv cov neeg uas to taub hais tias txoj kev loj hlob txaus siab yuav tsum tau zoo hloov thiab kho. Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm "Eugene Onegin" pib nrog ib tug tus kheej aversion lwm tus lub kws sau paj lug, nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Aleksandra Nikolaevicha Ostrovskogo, "qhov tsaus ntuj nti nceeg vaj"

Uas sawv tom qab ib tug muaj zog acceleration muab los ntawm Peter kuv, thiab dynamism thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Empress Catherine II, Russia nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua slowed down lub pace ntawm kev loj hlob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev sau ntawv, Pushkin tus naas ej tshiab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog tsis tau railways, txawm nyob rau hauv nws cov dej ntws tsis ntab ships, muaj ntau txhiab nws industrious thiab feemxyuam cov neeg raug ua txhua yam txhais tes thiab ko taw bonds ntawm serfdom.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm "Evgeniya Onegina" yog inextricably txuas nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XIX caug xyoo.

Onegin zaj paj huam

Nrog tshwj xeeb mloog Alexander, "Lavxias teb sab Mozart ntawm paj huam", reacted kom nws tus kheej txoj hauj lwm. Nws tau tsim ib tug tshiab series ntawm nqe uas sau ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub.

Yog li ntawd, cov lus ntws zoo li ib tug kwj yog tsis dawb, thiab xyaum. Txhua kaum plaub kab Iambic Tetrameter kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv particular Onegin nqe. Nyob rau hauv no lus sib dhos li qhia siv kuj thoob plaws hauv lub tshiab, thiab yog raws li nram no: CCddEffEgg (qhov chaw uas cov niam ntawv loj sawv cev hais txog poj niam txoj thiab lowercase - txiv neej).

Undoubtedly, lub keeb kwm ntawm "Eugene Onegin" dab neeg - yog zaj dab neeg txog cov creation ntawm lub Onegin zaj paj huam. Nws yog los ntawm varying lub verses tus sau nca muab tsis tau nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm los ua ib tug analogue ntawm prose seem thiab tshooj dhia los ntawm ib tug raug mus rau lwm lub, hloov cov style ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev xav mus rau lub dynamic txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab. Yog li, tus sau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug xoob sib tham nrog koj nyeem ntawv.

Roman - "ib tug sau ntawm motley tshooj"

Yuav ua li cas lub ntsiab neeg mus sau tej hauj lwm ntawm nws tiam thiab ntawm nws lub teb chaws? Yog vim li cas thaum lawv muab qhov no ua hauj lwm tag nrho, ua hauj lwm raws li yog hais muaj?

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub "Eugene Onegin" tshiab yog Ameslikas subordinated rau tus sau: mus tsim ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe lus no, muaj li ntawm 9 cais chapters. nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Sergeyevich kws txawj hu rau nws "qhib lub sij hawm" vim lub fact tias txhua tus ntawm nws lub taub hau - ywj siab, thiab tej zaum, nyob rau hauv nws internal logic mus ua kom tiav cov hauj lwm, txawm hais tias nws yog txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tshooj. Nws kawm - Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv xib fwb Nikolay Ivanovich Nadezhdin - classical hauj lwm muab "Evgeniya Onegina" tsis yog raws li ib tug khoom nrog ib tug txhav zajlus kom qauv, tab sis, theej, raws li ib co paj huam phau sau direct kaj iridescent zaj sawv txuj ci.

Hais txog qhov kev tshooj ntawm tus tshiab

Tshooj ntawm "Eugene Onegin" luam tawm los ntawm 1825 mus 1832. raws li lawv tau sau thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv sau anthologies thiab cov phau ntawv Magazine. Lawv tos, lawv txhua tus ua ib tug tiag tiag kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kev cai lub neej ntawm Russia.

Txawm li cas los, ib tug ntawm lawv rau rau siab ua txoj kev taug ntawm lub protagonist mus rau lub cov tub rog kev sib hais haum nyob ze Odessa pier muaj ib qho tseem ceeb kev txiav txim, lub disgraced sau tau xaiv los ua thim nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob reprisals tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej thiab ces puas lawm nws tsuas sau.

Cia li kiag li muab kev ua hauj lwm, tom qab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws "tus kws kho mob Zhivago" Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, kuj sau tau ntawm nws tiam Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov. Pushkin nws tus kheej hu ua nws ntau tshaj li xya xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub feat.

protagonist

Hauj lwm Evgeniya Onegina, raws li cov ntaub ntawv, nco tus neeg ntawm Peter Yakovlevich Chaadaev - sau "Philosophical ntawv". Qhov no yog ib tug cim nrog ib tug haib zog, uas yog teem ib ncig ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab ntawm qhov tshiab thiab lwm yam cim qhia lawv tus kheej. Pushkin sau txog nws raws li ib tug "zoo phooj ywg." Eugene tau txais ib tug classical kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, kiag li devoid ntawm "Lavxias teb sab-ness." Thiab tab sis yog nws Burns ntse, tab sis ib tug txias siab, nws yog ib tug txiv neej lub teeb nram qab no tej yam kev xav thiab prejudices. Lub neej ntawm Evgeniya Onegina yog scarce. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, nws yog alien mus rau lub tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, nws sharply criticizes lawv; thiab nyob rau lwm yam - nws yog kev kawm mus rau nws cov cawv. Lub hero tsis tau hu ua ib tug active, es nws yog ib tug ntse saib.

Nws ntseg cov duab ntawm Onegin

Nws daim duab - tragic. Ua ntej, nws yuav tsis sawv qhov kev xeem ntawm kev hlub. Eugene mloog vim li cas, tab sis tsis tau nws lub plawv. Txawm li cas los, nws puas tau honorably, respectfully xa mus rau lub Tatiana, muab nws to taub hais tias nws yuav tsis poob rau hauv kev hlub.

Ob, nws yuav tsis sawv qhov kev xeem ntawm kev phooj ywg. Duel ntawm nws cov phooj ywg, 18-xyoo-laus tub romantic Lensky, nws blindly raws li cov tswv yim ntawm lub teeb. Nws nkawd tsis txhob ntxias ib tug dlej zloyazychie qub inveterate duelist Zaretsky tshaj nres kiag ruam sib cav sib ceg nrog Vladimir. Los ntawm txoj kev, Pushkin scholars, zaum ntseeg cov hluas Kuchelbecker tsab Lena.

Tatiana Larina

Cov kev siv ntawm lub npe ntawm Tatiana nyob rau hauv Eugene Onegin tshiab yog tus paub-yuav ua li cas los ntawm Pushkin. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, lub npe twb yog hais lus phem thiab sob. Ntxiv mus, qhov tsaus ntuj nti-haired thiab ruddy, txawj xav, siab tsis zoo, nws tsis haum lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kev zoo nkauj hom phiaj. Tatiana (xws li cov neeg sau ntawm lub dab) hlub pej xeem tales, uas nws generously hais rau tus nurse. Txawm li cas los, nws tshwj xeeb mob siab rau tau nyeem cov phau ntawv.

Cov dab neeg tus cim

Sib nrug los ntawm saum toj no zajlus-lub cim tseem ceeb rau tus nyeem ntawv yog theem nrab. Cov tshiab "Eugene Onegin" dluab tsis tsim ib zajlus, tab sis Nkij los txuam rau nws. Qhov no Tatiana tus muam Olga, empty socialite poj niam, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev hlub Vladimir Lensky. Cov duab ntawm lub nurse Tatiana, ib tug kws muaj txuj ntawm pej xeem tales, muaj ib tug cuab tsab - tus nais maum ntawm Alexander Sergeyevich, Arina Rodionovna. Lwm nameless hero ntawm tus tshiab yog ib tug newfound Tatyanoy Larinoy tom qab ib tug spat nrog nws tus txiv Evgeniem Oneginym - "loj-general".

Host tswv tsev yog mas mus ua Roman Pushkina ntawm lwm Lavxias teb sab classics. Qhov no Skotinin ( "Oaf" Fonvizin), thiab Brawlers ( "txaus ntshai cov neeg nyob ze" V. L. Pushkina).

ntawm pej xeem

Qhov siab tshaj plaws qhuas rau Alexander Pushkin yog qhov kev soj ntsuam muab los ntawm cov thawj tshooj ntawm "Evgeniya Onegina" los ntawm tus txiv neej, uas cov kws sau paj lug xam tau tias yog nws tus xib fwb - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim. Tswv yim yog heev laconic: "Koj - tus thawj rau lub Lavxias teb sab Parnassus ..."

Encyclopedic tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub kom tso tawm kom pom lub Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, tau qhia ib txoj kev ntawm lub neej, tus yam ntxwv, tus social lub luag hauj lwm sib txawv ntawm cov sectors ntawm haiv neeg: St.-Petersburg high zej zog, lub Moscow nom tswv cajceg, cov tswv av, cov tswv av thiab peasants. Tej zaum yog li ntawd, tab sis kuj vim hais tias ntawm lub koog thiab nyias zaub Pushkin nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, qhov tseem ceeb, kev lis kev cai, cwj pwm, hom uas lub sij hawm txawj critic Vissarion Belinsky muab nws xws li ib tug kev piav qhia ntawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub heev nrov "thiab" Lavxias teb sab Encyclopedia ntawm lub neej. "

Pushkin xav hloov cov zajlus

Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm "Eugene Onegin" - yog cov evolution ntawm cov hluas kws sau paj lug, uas tau 23 lub xyoos rau cov ntiaj teb no ua hauj lwm rau. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv prose xws tua twb (nco ntsoov incognito luam tawm phau ntawv Aleksandra Radischeva "Lus los ntawm St. Petersburg rau Moscow"), lub realism nyob rau hauv cov paj huam nyob rau lub sij hawm yog tus undoubted innovation.

Qhov kawg tswv yim ntawm tej hauj lwm twb tsim xwb los ntawm tus sau nyob rau hauv thaum xyoo 1830. Nws yog clumsy thiab grind. Yuav ua ib tug ib txwm khoom xav rau nws creation, Alexander txiav txim siab xa los yog Evgeniya Onegina mus tua nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, los yog tig nws mus rau hauv lub Decembrists. Tab sis Eugene Onegin - tus hero ntawm tus tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub - tsim los ntawm Pushkin nyob rau hauv ib tug kev tshoov siab, raws li "ib tug sau ntawm motley tshooj", thiab qhov no yog nws ntxim nyiam.

xaus

"Eugene Onegin" yog ib yam khoom ntawm tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab muaj tiag tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub. Nws yog ib thaj av rau cov XIX caug xyoo. Cov dab neeg tau raug lees paub tias los ntawm zej zog raws li profoundly nrov. Encyclopedic hauj lwm Lavxias teb sab uas nyob ib sab tsev neeg nyob rau ntawd uas muaj artistry.

Txawm li cas los, raws li critics, lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm no tshiab tseem tsis Onegin, thiab tus neeg sau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Qhov no ua cim muaj tsis muaj zoo. Qhov no zoo ntawm qhov muag tsis pom chaw rau tus nyeem ntawv.

Alexander ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem yim pab ntawm ib qhov txuas, hais tias nws "harms rau sab qaum teb", thiab lwm yam Pushkin yog invisibly tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev ua ub no, tshab xyuas tus nyeem ntawv luag, animates zaj dab neeg. Nws quotes yog ntaus tus ntsia thawv ntawm lub taub hau.

Hmoo decreed tias Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin xyuas los ntawm tus thib ob daim ntawv qhia txog tsab ntawm nws tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub nyob rau hauv 1937 (thawj yog nyob rau hauv Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833), twb mortally pig rau cov dub dej nyob ze ntawm lub Commandant lub vaj. Kev 5000 cov ntawv luam los muag thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo. Txawm li cas los, cov txawj nyeem ntawv tau yuav nws rau ib lub lim tiam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej classics ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, ib qho rau nws lub sij hawm, txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub tswv yim kev tshawb fawb ntawm Alexander. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv twb sim los ua ib tug hero ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Thiab Mikhail Lermontov nyob rau hauv cov duab Grigoriya Aleksandrovicha Pechorina ( "Hero of Our Lub sij hawm"), thiab Ivan Goncharov nyob rau hauv cov duab los sis Oblomova ...