Immobilized enzymes thiab lawv cov kev siv

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov immobilized enzymes sawv thaum lub sij hawm thib ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Meanwhile, rov qab nyob rau hauv 1916, nws twb pom hais tias adsorbed rau carbon sucrose muab khaws cia tseg catalytic. Nyob rau hauv 1953, D. thiab N. Shleyt Grubhofer nqa tawm ntawm tus thawj losis tswvyim dabtsi pepsin, amylase, lub carboxypeptidase thiab RNase rau ib tug insoluble cov cab kuj. Lub tswvyim ntawm cov immobilized enzyme twb legalized nyob rau hauv 1971. Nws yog tus thawj lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv Enzyme Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. Tam sim no, lub tswvyim ntawm tus immobilized enzyme nyob rau hauv ib tug dav kev txiav txim zoo tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub lig 20th caug xyoo. Peb xav txog qhov no qeb nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Txheej txheem cej luam

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Thiab mmobilizovannye enzymes - tebchaw uas yog artificially txuas nrog lub insoluble cov cab kuj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv khaws lawv catalytic zog. Tam sim no, tus txheej txheem no yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv ob yam - nyob rau hauv lub txwv ntawm ib nrab thiab tag nrho txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm txav ntawm protein molecules.

meej mom

. Zaum tau pom ib co kev pab cuam ntawm immobilized enzymes. Ua raws li heterogeneous catalysts, lawv tau yooj yim yuav sib cais los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab. может быть многократным. Cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias kev siv ntawm immobilized enzymes yuav tau rov qab. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ruaj tebchaw hloov lawv lub zog. Lawv kawm tau cov substrate tseem, stability. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov kev ua pib nyob ntawm seb ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. Immobilized enzymes kav ntev thiab high degree ntawm stability. Nws yog xav paub ntau tshaj, piv txwv li, hais tias ntawm lub dawb enzyme nyob rau hauv lub phav phav, kaum tawm txhiab ntawm lub sij hawm. Tag nrho cov no muab high efficiency, competitiveness thiab profitability ntawm technology, nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov immobilized enzymes.

muaj

J .. Porath pom tias tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm tagnrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv rau immobilization. Cov muaj yuav tsum muaj:

1. Insolubility.
2. High lom thiab tshuaj stability.
3. Peev Xwm rau ceev ceev ua kom. Cov muaj yuav tsum tsiv mus tau yooj yim mus rau ib tug reactive hom.
4. Loj hydrophilic.
5. Qhov yuav tsum tau permeability. Nws qhia yuav tsum txaus siv tau rau enzymes thiab coenzymes, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj thiab cov substrates.

Tam sim no, muaj yog tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav siab ua raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau. Txawm li cas los, rau hauv kev xyaum, siv nqa uas haum rau lub immobilization ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev tshwm sim.

kev faib

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm nws cov khoom, nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus uas cov tebchaw yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv immobilized enzymes raug muab faib ua inorganic thiab organic. Thwj toob ntawm ntau lub tebchaw yog nqa tawm nrog polymeric muaj. Cov organic ntaub ntawv no yog muab faib ua ob chav kawm: yam thiab hluavtaws. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, faib pawg nyob rau cov qauv. Inorganic muaj mas sawv cev los ntawm lub khob cov ntaub ntawv, ceramics, av nplaum, silica, graphite carbon dub. Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntaub nrov qhuav Science News for KIDS txoj kev. Immobilized enzymes yog tau los ntawm txheej ib cov cab kuj zaj duab xis ntawm titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium, hafnium los yog ua organic polymers. Ib qho tseem ceeb kom zoo dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov yooj yim ntawm lwm.

protein muaj

Cov feem nrov lipid, polysaccharide thiab protein cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm cov tom kawg yog muab yam ntxwv polymers. Cov feem ntau muaj xws li collagen, fibrin, keratin, thiab gelatin. Tej cov nqaijrog yog ntau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Lawv yog cov muaj thiab yig. Nyob rau hauv tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muaj ib tug loj tus xov tooj ntawm tej qhov ib pawg rau lawv txuas. Cov nqaijrog txawv biodegradability. . Qhov no tso cai rau koj mus cuag cov kev siv ntawm immobilized enzymes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Meanwhile, nws muaj cov protein ntau thiab tsis zoo zog. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv immobilized enzymes protein muaj yog lub siab immunogenicity ntawm yav dhau los, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm los mus siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xwb tej pab pawg.

polysaccharides aminosaharidy

Cov khoom muaj feem ntau siv chitin, dextran, cellulose, agarose thiab derivatives thereof. Yuav kom polysaccharides ntau resistant mus rau lub tshua ntawm linear chains crosslinked epichlorohydrin ntoo khaub lig. Lub mesh qauv ntawm ntau yam ionic pawg neeg nkag tau heev dawb do. Chitin yog sau nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau raws li ib tug pov tseg cov khoom nyob rau hauv industrial ua ntawm shrimps thiab crabs. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas txawv sib resistant thiab muaj ib tug zoo-txhais pore qauv.

hluavtaws polymers

Qhov no pab pawg neeg muaj ib tug yawm muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab muaj. Nws muaj xws li polymers raws li acrylic acid, styrene, polyvinyl cawv, polyurethane thiab Polyamide polymers. Feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj ntau cov neeg kho tshuab zog. Thaum lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab lawv muab tau ntau pore loj tshaj ib tug ntau yam, cov kev taw qhia ntawm ntau yam functional pawg.

losis tswvyim dabtsi Txoj kev

Tam sim no, muaj ob fundamentally cov variants immobilization. Tus thawj yog qhov kev npaj ntawm lub tebchaw tsis muaj covalent bonds nrog cov cab kuj. Qhov no txoj kev yog lub cev. Lwm embodiment yuav tshwm sim ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus nrog rau cov khoom. Qhov no tshuaj txoj kev.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Nrog nws immobilized enzymes tau los ntawm tuav ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus cab kuj nto vim dispersion, hydrophobic, electrostatic sib thiab hydrogen bonds. Adsorption yog thawj txoj kev ntawm limiting tus muaj hais. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no qhov kev xaiv no tau tsis poob nws qhov tseeb. Ntxiv mus, lub adsorption yog xav tau feem ntau txoj kev immobilization nyob rau hauv lub lag luam.

tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txoj kev

Qhov scientific ntaub ntawv qhia txog tshaj 70 enzymes muab adsorption txoj kev. Raws li muaj ua advantageously, ntxeem tau iav, ntau yam txais av ya, polysaccharides, alumina, hluavtaws polymers, titanium, thiab lwm yam hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub yav tas yog siv ntau feem ntau. Cov hauj lwm zoo adsorption ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus cab kuj cov khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm lub porosity thiab kev nto.

mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim

Adsorption ntawm enzyme mus rau lub insoluble ntaub ntawv yog yooj yim. Nws yog tiav los ntawm kev tiv tauj nrog ib tug aqueous tov ntawm cov tshuaj cab kuj. Nws yuav siv ib tug zoo li qub los yog dynamic txoj kev. Lub enzyme tshuaj tov nrog tus tshiab sludge, piv txwv li, titanium hydroxide. Ces, nyob rau hauv me me tej yam kev mob, lub compound yog qhuav. Lub enzyme kev ua si yog muab khaws cia tseg thaum xws immobilization yog yuav luag 100%. Thaum zoo li no nce mus txog ib lub concentration ntawm 64 mg rau ib gram ntawm cov cab kuj.

kev tsis zoo

Qhov tsis zoo muaj xws li tsis muaj adsorption zog ntawm cov losis tswvyim dabtsi ntawm enzyme thiab cab kuj. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov kev tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob yuav tsum tau ntaus cim tsis hais, kab mob sib kis ntawm cov khoom, desorption ntawm cov protein. Yuav kom nce lub dag lub zog ntawm cov losis tswvyim dabtsi txhawb tau raug hloov. Tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv kho nrog hlau ions, polymers, thiab lwm yam hydrophobic tebchaw nrog polyfunctional agents. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, cov tshuaj nws tus kheej yog raug hloov kho. Tiam sis feem ntau txaus, qhov no ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv nws cov kev ua si.

Inclusion nyob rau hauv lub gel

Qhov kev xaiv no yog heev vim nws uniqueness thiab simplicity. Qhov no txoj kev no yog tsim tsis tau tsuas yog rau tus neeg hais, tab sis kuj rau multiehnzimnyh ceg. Inclusion nyob rau hauv lub gel yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm ob txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, cov tshuaj no yog ua ke nrog ib tug aqueous monomer tshuaj, thiab ces ua lub polymerization. Qhov no los tau nyob rau hauv lub ntsig txog cov qauv ntawm cov gel uas muaj lub enzyme molecules nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, cov tshuaj yog nkag tau rau hauv lub tiav lawm polymer. Nws twb ces hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug gel lub xeev.

Cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov translucent lug

Lub essence ntawm no txoj kev nyob rau hauv muaj immobilizing lub sib cais aqueous enzyme tshuaj los ntawm lub substrate. Nws yuav siv ib tug semi-permeable membrane. Nws kis tau uas tsis muaj molecular yuag Cheebtsam ntawm cofactors thiab substrates thiab tuas loj enzyme molecules.

Microencapsulation

Muaj ob peb xaiv rau cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub translucent qauv. Cov feem nthuav ntawm cov no yog cov protein Microencapsulation thiab xam nrog nyob rau hauv liposomes. Cov kev xaiv thawj twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv 1964 los ntawm T. Chang. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv hais tias lub enzyme tshuaj nkag tau rau hauv ib tug kaw capsule uas nws ntsa loog no yog ua los ntawm ib tug semipermeable polymer. Cov tsos ntawm cov daim nyias nyias nto tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub tebchaw ntawm interfacial polycondensation. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog yaj nyob rau hauv cov organic thiab lwm yam - nyob rau hauv lub aqueous theem. Raws li ib qho piv txwv tej zaum yuav hais cov tsim ntawm ib tug microcapsule tau los ntawm polycondensation ntawm sebacic acid halide rau-koj (organic theem) thiab 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (feem, lub aqueous theem). Lub thickness ntawm cov daim nyias nyias yog xam nyob rau hauv hundredths ntawm ib tug micrometer. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj - pua pua los yog kaum ntawm micrometers.

Inclusion rau hauv liposomes

Qhov no txoj kev ntawm immobilization yog nyob ze rau Microencapsulation. Liposomes yog nyob rau hauv lamellar los yog lipid kheej kheej bilayers systems. Qhov no txoj kev twb xub siv nyob rau hauv 1970 F. Rau sib cais ntawm cov liposomes los ntawm cov lipid tshuaj yog nqa evaporating cov organic kuab. Qhov seem nyias zaj duab xis yog dispersed nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov, nyob rau lub enzyme yog tam sim no. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, nws tus kheej-los ua ke ntawm lipid bilayer lug. . Nrov heev cov immobilized enzymes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias ntau lub lwg me me yog laus nyob rau hauv lub lipid matrix kev lom week. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Muaj nyob rau hauv liposomes immobilized enzymes yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv uas, uas txoj kev kawm thiab piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm lub neej muaj dab.

Cov tsim ntawm tshiab kev sib txuas

Immobilization los ntawm txoj kev tshiab covalent chains thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov haiv neeg enzymes yog xam los ntawm feem ntau loj ua biocatalysts rau industrial siv. Tsis zoo li lub cev txoj kev, qhov kev xaiv no muab ib tug irreversible thiab muaj zog daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov molecule thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Nws txoj kev kawm ntawv yog feem ntau nrog los ntawm ib tug stabilization ntawm cov tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, qhov chaw ntawm lub enzyme ntawm 1 feeb covalent tsevneeg txheeb ze rau cov cab kuj tsim tej yam teeb meem hauv kev ua tau zoo rau hauv lub catalytic txheej txheem. Molecule yog cais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm lub insert. Raws li nws feem ntau ua poly- thiab difunctional agents. Lawv, nyob rau hauv particular, yog hydrazine, cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl chloride thiab thiaj li nyob. Piv txwv li, rau deriving galactosyltransferase enzyme los ntawm cov xov xwm thiab cov nram qab ib theem zuj zus tso -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem no yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov insert, thiab cov cab kuj molecule. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog kev cob cog rua ntawm covalent bonds. Ntawm siv tseem ceeb yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom paub functional pawg nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog tsis tseem ceeb rau lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub caij. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau, glycoproteins uas txuas mus rau tus cab kuj protein yog tsis tshaj, thiab los ntawm cov carbohydrate moiety. Cov no ib tug ntau ruaj khov thiab active immobilized enzymes.

hlwb

Cov kev piav saum toj no yog hais tias yuav universal rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm biocatalysts. Cov no muaj xws, inter alia, xws li lub hlwb, subcellular lug, immobilization uas yuav tsis ntev los no ntau. Qhov no yog vim cov nram qab no. Thaum immobilization ntawm hlwb yog tsis tsim nyog los cais tawm thiab purify enzyme kev npaj los mus siv cofactors nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yuav tau mus muab tau cov systems uas ua multi-step dab tshwm sim tsis tu ncua.

Kev siv cov immobilized enzymes

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. Nyob rau hauv kev kho tsiaj, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam yog heev nrov tsev neeg npaj tau los saum toj no txoj kev. Depleted xyaum le caag muab ib tug daws cov teeb meem ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub tsom tus me nyuam cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cev. Immobilized enzymes muaj cai kom tau ib tug ntev-sawv tshuaj muaj tsawg heev toxicity thiab allergenicity. Tam sim no zaum yuav daws tau qhov teeb meem txuam nrog rau bioconversion ntawm loj thiab lub zog, siv microbiological le caag. Meanwhile, ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm kev ua technology thiab immobilized enzymes. Kev loj hlob zeem muag yog sab txaus zaum. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej ib yam ntawm cov tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tswj lub chaw yuav tsum mus rau lub tshiab hom ntawm kev tsom xam. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov lus nug ntawm bioluminescent, thiab enzyme immunoassay. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog lub siab heev le caag nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm lignocellulosic feedstocks. Immobilized enzymes yuav siv tau raws li amplifiers ntawm tsis muaj zog Pib ntsais koj teeb. Active site tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov xov xwm, uas yog nyob rau hauv sonication, neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab los yog raug phytochemicals transformations.