Chlorate ntsev

Yuav ua li cas yog poov tshuaj chlorate?

Cov poov tshuaj ntsev ntawm chloric acid (ib tug ntawm plaub oxygen-muaj acids tsim los ntawm tshuaj: hypochlorous - HClO, chlorous - HClO2, chloric - HClO3 thiab perchloric - HClO4) feem ntau hu ua poov tshuaj chlorate, mis - KClO3. Qhov no ntsev nyob rau hauv tsos nruab nrab muaju (tsis muaj kob), uas yog tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv dej (nyob rau hauv 20 ° C nyob rau hauv 100 cm3 dej yaj xwb 7.3 g ntawm ntsev), tab sis nrog ua kub lub solubility qab. Lwm ntawm nws nto moo lub npe - bertoletova ntsev. Lub molecular yuag tshuaj yog 122,55 amu, ceev - 2,32 g / cm3. Cov ntsev melts ntawm 356 ° C, nws decomposes nyob txog 400 ° C.

Qhov qhib ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm (nyob rau hauv 1786) ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate yog Fabkis chemist Klod Bertolle. Nws tsis chloro los ntawm feeb meej kub poov tshuaj hydroxide tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv, ntawm uas cov ntsev yog raws li nram no: 3Cl2 + 6KOH → 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog poov tshuaj chlorate precipitates raws li ib tug dawb khoom. Vim nws yog tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv dej txias, nws yog yooj yim sib cais los ntawm lwm yam ntsev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog txias. Txij li thaum nws qhib bertoletova ntsev yog lub feem ntau heev thiab pab tau cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov chlorate. Tam sim no KClO3 ua rau ib tug muaj scale.

tshuaj zog

Chlorate ntsev - ib tug muaj zog oxidizer. Los ntawm reacting nws nrog concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) faib free chlorine. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no piav los ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: 6HCl + KClO3 → 3Cl ↑ + KCl + 3 H2O. Zoo li tag nrho cov chlorates, qhov no tshuaj yog heev tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv molten daim ntawv KClO3 kwm txhawb combustion. Cov sib tov nkag oxidizable tshuaj (txo cov neeg ua hauj) xws li cov leej faj, phosphorus, piam thaj thiab lwm yam organic tshuaj poov tshuaj chlorate cia li tawg los ntawm tej yam los yog sib haum xeeb. Lub rhiab heev rau cov teebmeem yog kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ammonium ntsev thiab bromates. Nyob rau hauv maj mam (cua sov rau 60 ° C) lub oxidation ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate twb npaj los ntawm oxalic acid tshuaj dioxide, cov txheej txheem tau nyaij raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O + 2ClO2. Cov tshuaj chlorine ua monoxide pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv tshuaj dawb tso thiab kom tsis muaj menyuam los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv (daim ntawv sis plawv hniav hmoov thiab thiaj li nyob), thiab muaj peev xwm kuj yuav siv tau los obesfenolivaniya wastewater tshuaj nroj tsuag.

Kev siv cov poov tshuaj chlorate

Ntawm tag nrho cov bertoletova chlorate ntsev yog lub feem ntau lug siv. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua dyes, ntais (ua match taub hau combustible cov ntaub ntawv uas, raw khoom yog moistened poov tshuaj chlorate TU 6-18-24-84), foob pob hluav taws, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj dioxide. Vim hais tias ntawm lub high school cov kev phom sij ntawm compositions nrog poov tshuaj chlorate, lawv tsis xyaum siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua explosives rau industrial thiab cov tub rog lub hom phiaj. Heev tsis tshua poov tshuaj chlorate yog siv raws li lub pib tawg. Tej zaum siv nyob rau hauv pyrotechnics rau paib tsvetnoplamennye compositions. Yav tas los ntsev siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj: tsis muaj zog daws teeb meem ntawm no substance (KClO3) rau ib txhia lub sij hawm tau siv raws li ib tug antiseptic rau tshuaj pleev gargling. Ntsev nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, siv los mus tau oxygen nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm lub thwmsim tau haujlwm.

Kev npaj ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate

Ib tug ntawm cov nram qab no txoj kev: los ntawm chlorination ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau lwm cov ntsev ntawm chlorates, electrochemical oxidation nyob rau hauv aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm cov hlau chlorides - bertoletova ntsev yuav tau. Kev npaj ntawm nws muaj teev feem ntau ua los ntawm ib tug disproportionation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid ntsev). Technological dab ua txawv. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau nws yog los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm calcium chloride thiab poov tshuaj chlorate: Ca (ClO3) 2 + 2KCl → 2KClO3 + CaCl2. Ces bertoletova ntsev tsim los ntawm leej niam cawv los crystallization faib. Tsis tas li ntawd poov tshuaj chlorate twb npaj los ntawm hloov txoj kev Berthollet lub electrolysis ntawm poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb: ua los ntawm electrolysis yog reacted nrog chloro poov tshuaj hydroxide, lub resulting KClO poov tshuaj hypochlorite ua raws li los ntawm disproportionation ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate KClO3 thiab qhov chaw ntawm poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb KCl.

Lub decomposition ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate

Thaum ib tug kub ntawm txog 400 ° C cov decomposition ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, oxygen thiab poov tshuaj perchlorate: 4KClO3 → KCl + 3KClO4. Cov theem tom ntej ntawm decomposition tshwm sim nyob rau ib tug kub ntawm 550 rau 620 ° C: KClO4 → 2O2 ↑ + KCl. Nyob rau catalysts (lawv tej zaum yuav tooj liab oxide CuO, ib tug hlau oxide (III) Fe2O3 oxide los yog manganese (IV) MnO2) decomposition tshwm sim nyob rau sab kub (150 mus rau 300 ° C) thiab nyob rau hauv ib kauj ruam: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2.

kev ruaj ntseg ntsuas

Bertoletova ntsev yog tsis ruaj tsis khov heev tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm tawg, nrog stirring, cia (e.g., nyob ze ntawm lub reductants rau tib txee rau qhov kuaj los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug lub txhab) milling los yog lwm yam hauj lwm. Lub tawg tej zaum yuav tshwm sim raug mob los yog tuag taus thiab ua raws li. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhuav, siv, cia los thauj ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate yuav tsum tau ntsib tus uas yuav tsum tau ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws txoj cai lij choj 116. Chaw uas muab cov neeg no dab txheeb tej muaj chaw.