Hloov qhov tseem ceeb contiguity. Metonymy: Lus Txhais

Lub sij hawm "metonymy" los ntawm Greek lo lus lub ntsiab lus "rename". Qhov no txoj kev, uas yog ib tug hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm tus nqi los ntawm contiguity - nyob los yog tsis tu ncua - lub npe ntawm ib tug tej yam hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov khoom, los yog ib tug cais ib los sis lwm tus tub kawm, nrog nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug teeb meem no xyov los yog contiguity.

Yuav ua li cas npe yuav tau kis

Lub hauv paus ntawm metonymy yog spatial, conceptual, kev tshwm sim, muaj kuab thiab syntagmatic kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib co ntawm cov pawg uas yuav mus rau kev muaj tiag thiab nws thiaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab, enshrined nyob rau hauv cov kev txhais ntawm lus - nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg, tej khoom, kev ua, cov txheej xwm, cov txheej txheem, txheej xwm, kev sib raug zoo hauv tsev, lub sij hawm, qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam

Lub npe yuav kis:

1) nrog lub receptacle rau tus nqi ntawm cov ntsiab lus los yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws tus kheej, xws li "iav" - "ntsuas qhuav thiab kua masses," "haus txog ntsha";

2) ib cov khoom rau cov khoom uas ua los ntawm nws: "tooj liab" - "coppers," thiab "hlau";

3) los ntawm lub zos, ib qho chaw rau cov kab kev tshwm sim los yog teeb nyob ntawm nws cov inhabitants: "Tag nrho lub zos yog luag rau nws", "Txoj kev" - "dawm", "txoj kev npaj rau cov lus tsa suab," "lus lub sij hawm";

3) ib tug tej kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv nws tshwm sim, cov kev kawm muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim (riam phom, kwv, kev kawm) los yog qhov chaw: "Tsis txhob" - qhov no yog qhov chaw uas cov thauj, thiab kev txiav txim, "xuav" - ib tug ntaus ntawv mus rau ping thiab txoj cai ntawm whistling;

5) cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov ntsiab lus los yog ib txog kev, cov ntaub ntawv uas embodiment nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus raws li ib tug tag nrho, "yog ib qho kev nthuav phau ntawv" yog hais txog cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov "loj cov phau ntawv" - nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm;

6) hloov tus nqi ntawm cov adjacency nrog science, kev lag luam kev txawj ntse rau nws kawm thiab vice versa, "qauv sau ntawv" - qhov no "system lus" thiab "ceg lug";

7) nrog cov txheej xwm, kev sib raug zoo cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv nws cov neeg koom: "Lub rooj sib tham yuav muaj nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj," thiab "Lub rooj sab laj pom zoo nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim";

8) nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo koom haum nyob rau thaj chaw, lub totality ntawm nws cov neeg ua hauj lwm, "lub Hoobkas mus rau strike" thiab "kho Hoobkas";

9) nrog ib feem ntawm ib tug tag nrho, thiab vice versa, "txiv moj coos" - "txiv hmab txiv ntoo" thiab "tsob ntoo" (cov kev hloov ntawm lub npe rau ib feem ntawm ib tug tag nrho hu ua synecdoche - ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm metonymy);

10) nrog ib tug tej kev xav hauv lub xeev ntawm lub hauv paus ua kom muaj nws lub "ntshai heev" - "txaus ntshai tshwm sim" thiab "ntshai";

11) Tus sau lub npe yuav siv tau rau xa mus rau lub style nws tsim, ib tug qauv, los yog nws tej hauj lwm: "luam tawm tsab, nyeem Tolstoy lub" Phaw - "rooj tog nrog ib co hom kho kom zoo nkauj" thiab "lub npe ntawm tus tswv."

kev metonymy

Metonymy, reflecting sis ntawm cov tswv yim, pawg, thiab / los yog khoom, nws ua ib tug tsis tu ncua thaum nws tsim semantic cov qauv ntawm cov lo lus-tsim hom thiab tsis meej xwm cov lus, feem ntau combining nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm qhov tseem ceeb: kev tshwm sim, indicative, kev kawm (vaj tse thiab paub daws teeb). Piv txwv li, qhov kev txiav txim npe yog siv tsis tu ncua los mus piav txog ib co ntawm cov ua chaw ( "ua hauj lwm", "ua hauj lwm", "zaj dab neeg", "tshuaj", "lub tsev").

polysemy suffix

Yog hais tias analogical hloov lwm lub tsev yog nqa tawm tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv lub lo lus-txoj kev ntaus, nws yuav tau txais tej zaum yuav polysemy suffix es tsis txhob substrate (piv, piv txwv li, ib tug muaj nqi xws li ib tug hais lus lus -enie, -anie). Lub koom haum ntawm ib co khoom rau lub adjacency thiab sib thooj ntawm cov zajlus kom cov tswv yim hloov mus rau hauv coherence qhov tseem ceeb. Metonymy ntawm no zoo ua hauj lwm pab ib tug lub hom phiaj - nominative, thiab txhawb kom txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lexical lus txhais tau tias.

Dab tsi ua rau metonymy

Tsim cov mechanisms ntawm txoj kab ntawm ntau yam syntagmatic transformations. Tshwm sim tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm proposals los yog cov nqe lus metonymy, uas yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm thiaj li hu ua elliptical yuav txo tau ntawv nyeem khaws feem ntau ib co degree ntawm nws tsuas tej yam kev mob ntawm nws siv, tsis muaj kev tsim contextually ywj siab tshiab tus nqi, rau Piv txwv li: "Nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej muaj ob Van Gogh" (lub ntsiab lus "ob paintings Van Gogh "), tab sis koj muaj peev xwm tsis hais tias:" Nyob rau hauv ib Van Gogh xwm ib tug ntxhais hluas. "

Kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov ntsiab lus teb

Qhov tseem khoom txuas nrog lub ntsiab lus teb yog xws li ib tug metonymy (piv txwv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, saib hauv qab no), nyob rau hauv uas lub los ntawm ib tug muab qhov teeb meem no, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug predicate, yog txo tsuas mus rau ib tug tivthaiv khoom tseem ceeb: "Yuav ua li cas yog qhov teeb meem -" lub Plawv (lub taub hau, cov hniav, caj pas) "- lub ntsiab lus" lub plawv mob ib ce (lub taub hau, cov hniav, caj pas). Qhov no siv yog tas rau kev semantic thiab syntactic cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, ib co paj lug lub ntsiab lus (piv txwv - tus "lub siab", "lub taub hau") tsis tau ua ke nrog rau cov txheej txheem verbs thiab adjectives, defining qhov xwm ntawm tus kab mob thiab kev mob. Peb yuav tsis tau hais tias "muaj zog (nagging, mob) lub siab" los yog "lub plawv aggravated (worsened, intensified)." Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hloov lwm lub tsev tus nqi ntawm lub adjacency yog tsis tsim ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm tus semantic cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus. Nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm pom semantic variants ntawm nws siv. Paj lug lub ntsiab lus, piv txwv ntawm cov uas muaj tau hais saum toj no, yog zoo kev cob cog rua nrog lub ntsiab lus teb.

Raws li siv metonymy

Siv metonymy (synecdoche feem ntau) raws li cov kev txais tos ntawm ib tug situational qeb yam khoom los ntawm nws cov sab nraud individualizing paub meej. Proisllyustriruem peb xav. Siv cov tswv yim no metonymy, zoo li, 'Hav, hwj txwv! "," Lub kaus mom nyeem ib cov ntawv xov xwm. " Tej kev siv yog zoo li ib tug derivative denoting koom - substantivized chaw thiab lub noun, qhas "Hwj txwv" thiab "bearded", "bearded". Qhov no zoo ntawm metonymy (piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub s hom lus -. Me liab caij Hood, Me ntsis Longnose, etc.) feem ntau ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm txoj kev nicknames, nicknames.

Cim ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo pab pawg neeg

Yog hais tias qhov khoom no yog hu ua metonymy, yog raug ntawm ntau cov tib neeg, nws yuav siv sij hawm paus nyob rau hauv cov lus thiab raws li txoj kev xaiv ib tug tej yam kev pab pawg neeg, piv txwv li, lo lus "bast" tej zaum yuav qhia ib tug Lavxias teb sab neeg pluag nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm. Tab sis xws li ib tug metonymy lacks denotative (semantic) stability. Nyob rau hauv sib txawv keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus hu ua "cov hwj txwv" yog siv los xa mus rau cov neeg txawj ntse, peasants, ua nom ua tswv, cov txwj laug, thiab ib tug tej yam pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg hluas. Metonymy piv txwv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, uas peb nyuam qhuav hais, yog ib tug heev heev.

Syntactic txoj hauj lwm metonymy

Kev siv cov no txoj kev (synecdoche, feem ntau) feem ntau xa mus rau qhov kev kawm ntawm kev hais lus combines nws nrog lub syntactic txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kev kawm, kev kho mob thiab ntxiv. Raws li predicate situational nqa tus nqi ntawm lub adjacency yog tsis tshua muaj tshwm, vim hais tias nws tsis ua tej yam muaj nuj nqi characterizing. Yog hais tias metonymy siv nyob rau hauv lub predicate, nws yog hloov mus rau hauv ib tug ua piv txwv qhia, xws li "lub kaus mom" - ib tug "bungler", "Khau" - "ib tug ua kom puas, ib tug decrepit txiv neej." Cov kev siv ntawm cov npe nyob rau hauv lub predicate nqi partitive feem ntau ua hauj lwm pab lub hom phiaj aspektizatsii kawm yog tsis suav tias yog nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob raws li cov kev hloov ntawm lub adjacency. Cia peb ua piv txwv li peb taw tes. Xav txog qhov no: "Nws yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab tawm lub siab" - hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug nam ntawm tus neeg, yuav tsum tau pes tsawg - nws kev txawj ntse li cas.

Synecdoche yog tsis siv nyob rau hauv tej existential kab lus, los yog lawv muaj sib npaug, uas paub cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub narrative ntiaj teb no. Piv txwv li, peb yuav tsis pib zaj dab neeg nrog lus xws li :. Thaum muaj (ib, ib txhia) liab caij Hood "Qhov no siv tsis ntaus nqi raws li ib tug cim ntawm ib tug neeg, thiab raws li ib tug embodiment ntawm cov kev kawm.