Hais lus hom ntawv nyeem: txhais, hom. tej uas yus hnov

Nyob rau hauv ancient Greece, muaj peev xwm mus hais lus eloquently xam tau tias yog kos duab. Txawm li cas los, cov kev faib yog tsuas yog nqa tawm tsuas yog ntawm krasnosloviem, paj huam thiab acting creativity. Rhetoric mas txhais li qhov kev kawm ntawm cov lo lus thiab cov paj huam, prose thiab hais lus zoo. Nws - ib tug kws sau paj lug thiab tus tswv ntawm lo lus. Nyob rau hauv antiquity, rhetoric qhia. Hais lus yog feem ntau resorted mus rau kws poetic hom kev kawm, nrog rau ib tug saib kom ntxiv dag zog rau lub expressiveness ntawm nws kev hais lus. Niaj hnub no, hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem txiav txim seb lub nyob ntawm seb cov kev sib txuas sector, lub sib nug xov eigenfunction: kev sib txuas lus, kev sib txuas lus thiab kev txiav txim.

Saib txawv thinkers ntawm lub rhetoric

Nyob rau hauv lub views ntawm ntau ancient xav pom likening rhetorical kev txawj kos duab rau ntawm painting thiab duab puab, thiab architectural science. Tab sis xws li cov nqe lus feem ntau saib convincing. Feem ntau cov feem ntau pom tias tej uas yus hnov raws li nws tus kheej tus muam kev kawm scene thiab cov paj huam. Aristotle nyob rau hauv nws "rhetoric" thiab "Poetics", piv qhov hais lus zoo thiab cov paj huam, nrhiav ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm lawv. Thiab Cicero, nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov nqe lus siv ua yeeb yam hom kev kawm. Tom qab ntawd hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem raws li cov uas yus hnov ib lub kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov paj huam, tej uas yus hnov thiab acting creativity. Cov tib Lomonosov M. V. nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv rhetoric ( "ceev Start Guide rau cov kev pab ntawm cov kiv cua krasnosloviya") hais txog cov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim Cheebtsam ntawm pej xeem hais lus. Raws li nws txhais, tej uas yus hnov txhais tau tias euphony, i.e. "Hais beautifully." Lub splendor thiab lub hwj chim ntawm cov lo lus, vividly piav los ntawm sawv cev rau, tau ua kom muaj siab thiab tau siav tib neeg passions. Hais tias yog, raws li tus paub txog, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qhia. Zoo ib yam li cov tswv yim qhia nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Merzlyakov AF "Nyob rau qhov tseeb zoo ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug thiab orator" (1824).

rhetoric thiab paj huam peb

Merzlyakov considers lub kws sau paj lug thiab orator raws li cov neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tib lub tswv yim ua hauj lwm. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias nws tsis kos ib tug ntse uas txawv ntawm cov kws sau paj lug thiab orator. Nyob rau ib tug tej yam kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov paj huam thiab krasnosloviya uas muaj ib tug hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem, nws sau Belinskiy V. G. Nws sib cav hais tias cov paj huam - yog eloquent caij (tsis yog ib tug lub hom phiaj tab sis ib tug txhais tau tias). Lavxias teb sab lub tsev hais plaub spokesman Koni A. F. sau txog lub kos duab ntawm pej xeem hais lus raws li ib tug yeej muaj tseeb creativity, artistry thiab muaj xws li cov ntsiab ntawm cov paj huam, qhia hais lus. Nws - ib tug txiv neej uas yuav tsum muaj ib tug muaj tswv yim lub tswv yim. Raws li Connie, qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm tus kws sau paj lug thiab orator yog hais tias lawv yog ib tug thiab tib yam kev muaj tiag tuaj, pib los ntawm txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view.

Yuav ua li cas yog tus hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem? Txhais lub tswvyim ntawm kev hais lus

Lub dav tswvyim ntawm tus hais lus yog txhais lus dictionaries thiab siv cov phau ntawv raws li ib qho kev ua hais lus siv lus aimed ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog lwm cov neeg hauv cov lus no pab pawg neeg, nrog rau kev siv ntau yam txhais tau tias ntawm kev hais lus, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas - cov kev hloov ntawm txoj cov ntsiab lus, xws li ntaub ntawv tswj tus mloog thiab txhawb kom nws los ua los yog teb. Nws yuav siv sij hawm lub sij hawm thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub suab (xws li cov nyob sab hauv) los yog nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Cov tshwm sim ntawm tej kev ua no yog taag cim xeeb los yog tsab ntawv. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub xyaum tej uas yus hnov mus tshaj lub poetic hais lus zoo, raws li nws yog nyob rau hauv antiquity. Ib hom ntawv nyeem hais lus txiav txim los ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab txhais tau tias. Rau txhua hom ntawm kev hais lus cim lawv lwm yam, uas lub sij hawm muaj tau txwv kom muab zais raws li cov lus qhia thiab yeej. Qhov no kab lis kev cai daim ntawv hais lus qhia resistant hom muaj ib lub ntsiab, ib tug stylistic xwm thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Hom ntawm pej xeem hais lus (suab) ib hom ntawv nyeem

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub science, hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem cov dej num raws li nram no: socio-thoj, kev kawm, kev hais plaub ntug, noj qab haus huv, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab Theological (sab ntsuj plig). Hom ntawm kev hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug kwv uas hais lus muaj yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv nws cov system tsom xam thiab ib tug zoo xws li cov kev ntsuam xyuas.

Classification yog situational thiab thematic cim. Nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub ua yeeb yam ntawm qhov teeb meem no, lub npe thiab nws cov hom phiaj. Socio-thoj txhawj xeeb: ua yeeb yam nyob rau kev sib raug zoo, nom tswv, nyiaj txiag, kev cai, raug cai thiab ncaj ncees, kev thiab kev xai, txoj kev qhia, diplomatic, ua tub rog thiab patriotic rallies, agitatorial parliamentary. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw belongs rau sab ntsuj plig rhetoric nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj thiab Theological lub neej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab nce qib ntawm kev cai dab qhuas ntxhais.

Theological thiab formal yeej

Los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj-Theological style ntawm tej uas yus hnov muaj xws li hom ntawm kev hais lus lwm yam, xws li cov lus qhuab qhia, txais tos, obituaries, sib tham, cov lus qhuab qhia, cov tsiaj ntawv, lectures ntawm Theological cov tsev kawm ntawv, kev hais lus rau hauv xov xwm (cov txiv plig neeg). Qhov no ib hom ntawv nyeem yog tshwj xeeb: raws li cov menyuam kawm ntawv feem ntau yog cov neeg ntseeg. Xai has lug hab coj los ntawm cov vaj, sau ntawm lub Koom Txoos txiv thiab lwm qhov chaw. Ua si nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem uas bears cov yam ntxwv ntawm official, ua lag ua luam thiab kev kawm yeej. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug system implies lub hav zoov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tej kev sib tham nrog yog teem rau tsom xam ntawm qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, lub ntiaj teb no cov txheej xwm, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas - mus rau ntsiab meej ntxiv. Lawv muaj xws li kev nom kev tswv, nyiaj txiag, thiab lwm yam xws li lus tseeb, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov txheej xwm, cov tswv yim, cov ntawv qhia rau cov ua hauj lwm ua. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yog devoted mus rau cov teeb meem los yog embody hu, kev piav qhia ntawm lub theoretical xwm ntawm cov kev pab cuam.

Xaiv thiab siv cov lus muab kev pab

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov npe tseem ceeb thiab lub hom phiaj qhov chaw kawm ua yeeb yam. Ib txhia nom tswv has lug hab yus stylistic nta uas characterize lub formal style, uas implies impersonality los yog tsis muaj zog qhia, coloring phau ntawv, nom tswv paub cov ntsiab lus, kev lus (xws li, nyiaj txiag). Cov nta tuab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab txiav txim seb cov kev siv ntawm tus (nrig txog kev pom, kev xav) mus cuag cov nyhuv. Piv txwv li, thaum ib tug lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab daim ntawv qhia yog cov ua cim, tab sis nws yog nqa tawm nrog rau kev siv colloquial lus thiab syntax. Ib tug piv txwv yog cov lus nug Stolypina P. A. "nyob rau txoj cai ntawm cov tswv teb mus rau tawm hauv lub zej lub zos" (xa mus rau lub Council of State of 03/15/1910)

Academic thiab hais plaub ntug hais lus zoo

Rau cov kev kawm uas yus hnov yog yus muaj los ntawm kev hais lus, kev pab yuav zoo lub hom scientific worldview uas txawv sib sib zog nqus argumentativeness, logic thiab kab lis kev cai. Cov no muaj xws lectures nyob rau hauv universities, kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv thiab xyuas (posts). Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov lus style kev kawm tej uas yus hnov yog nyob ze rau scientific, tab sis nws yog feem ntau siv kev paub qhia lo thiab pom tau qhov sib cov cuab yeej. Piv txwv li, Academician Nechkin sau txog Klyuchevskoi raws li ib tug tswv uas txawj hais lus Lavxias teb sab zoo kawg nkaus. Kliuchevskoi paub cov ntsiab lus thiaj li nplua nuj uas nws tau mus nrhiav tau ntau lo lus ntawm phau ntawv sau lus, nrov revolutions, paj lug nrog nyob kab zauv raug ntawm cov laus cov ntaub ntawv. Academic hais lus zoo rau Lavxias teb sab av twb tsim thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. thiab nws tau tsom ntawm awakening pej xeem thiab nom tswv pem. Platform rau advanced oratorical nrug los ua tsev kawm ntawv departments. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv 40-60 xyoo. lawv tuaj mus ua hauj lwm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, uas tau yus los ntawm hnyav European lub tswv yim. Granovsky, Soloviev, khej, Mendeleev, Stoletov, Timiryazev, Vernadsky Fersman, Vavilov - lecturers, uas charmed cov neeg tuaj saib nrog nws hais lus.

Judicial hais lus kos duab yog muab tsom thiab zoo tej yam rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Faib: prosecutor (lub foob) thiab tus kws lij choj (defensive) hais lus.

Qhov ntau ntawm ntaub ntawv

Qhov ntau haiv ntawm qhov thiab daim ntawv ntawm cov kev siv cov lus yog vim lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Hom ntawm cov nqe lus no sau thiab qhov ncauj. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev teb tej yam kev mob thiab cov teeb meem vim cov ntsiab lus, style, cov cuab yeej (cov lo lus, phraseology, cov qauv sau ntawv), muaj pes tsawg leeg. Scope ntawm kev siv ua nws lwm yam thiab hom. Cov no muaj xws neeg sib tham, zaj dabneeg, sau ntawv, kev txiav txim ua lag ua luam ntaub ntawv.

Heterogeneity tsim teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim cov kev xwm ntawm cov nqe lus.

Hais lus lwm yam raug muab faib mus rau hauv theem nrab thiab thawj (yooj yim thiab complex). Complex - yog sau (feem ntau txawj tej hauj lwm, kev cov khoom, thiab lwm yam). Tej yam yooj yim - kev sib txuas lus los ntawm kev hais lus. Yog hais tias koj siab xwb nyob rau lub thawj, yuav muaj ib tug teeb meem ntawm "vulgarization" ntawm qhov teeb meem. Tsuas yog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ob hom ntawm kev sib sau yog lus thiab philological nqi.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm lwm yam Bakhtin

Qhov ratio ntawm cov pa (national) thiab ib tug neeg yeej - qhov no problematic qhov teeb meem nqe lus. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua me ntsis txog cov lub style, koj yuav tsum coj ib tug luag hauj lwm mus kom ze rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm kev kawm ib hom ntawv nyeem (tus hais lus). Qhov tseeb hais tias peb muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag xwb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb ua utterances ntawm ib tug neeg hais lus neeg (lam), Bakhtin hais tias. Hais lus lwm yam yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws views on lub tswvyim ntawm nws raws li ib tug tiag tiag unit ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Raws li Bakhtin, nws yog nrum rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia, thiab tsis muaj nws yuav muaj tsis tau ua ib ke. Cov kev hloov ntawm kev hais lus kev kawm - tus thawj feature ntawm lub qhia. Ob - qhov no yog neeg zoo tag nrho (sam xeeb), uas muaj ib tug kev twb kev txuas nrog:

• tus kwv-paub qhov qaug;
• hais lus lub hom phiaj (yuav hais lus);
• ntaub ntawv tiav, raug compositions thiab kawm tiav ib hom ntawv nyeem.

Ib hom ntawv nyeem npaj daim ntawv influences cov kev xaiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus. MM Bakhtin hniav tseem ceeb heev rau ib hom ntawv nyeem cov ntaub ntawv. Los ntawm lub Vocabulary ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem los ntawm heev thaum pib, peb yuav tsum sib txuas lus ib tug nkag siab ntawm tag nrho lub hais lus. Qhov no tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus yuav tsis yooj yim thiab yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua.

qhov ncauj ib hom ntawv nyeem

Qhov Ncauj - nws yog ib qhov kev hais lus hais tias ib tug neeg hnov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws xaiv tsuas yog cov "suab dluab" uas yog ze rau nws, yeej meej. Txhua tsav txhua yam yog raug hla lawm, raws li lawv hais tias, "lag ntseg pob ntseg". Qhov no yog tsim nyog vim hais tias tag nrho cov lus ntawm tus hais lus kwj, tam sim no ib tug tom qab lwm yam, muab sawv mus rau lub cov dluab ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm metonymy, contiguity, logic. Cov kev sib txuas lus siv cov nram qab no qhov ncauj hais lus lwm yam:

• kev sib tham - exchanges los yog lwm yam ntaub ntawv;
• compliments - qhuas interlocutor, uas nws lub hom phiaj - ua kom haum nws;
• zaj dabneeg - ib tug monologue los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov interlocutors, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas - zaj dab neeg ntawm cov kev tshwm sim, kev tshwm sim, thiab lwm yam.;
• kev sib tham - hais lus tswj interlocutor, uas aims qhia, kom meej los yog paub qhov kev sib raug zoo;
• tsis sib haum - ib tug kev sib tham aimed ntawm kev nrhiav qhov tseeb.

Nws yog lus raws li nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, nws cov kev cai thiab cov kev tswj. Tej zaum ib co ntawm cov shortcomings ntawm kev hais lus, xws li cov tsis tas ua nqe lus, tsis muaj zog qauv, interrupting, reprises, thiab zoo sib xws khoom - yog ib tug tsim nyog mob rau lub kev vam meej thiab zoo tau.

Sib tham nyob rau hauv tus hais lus lwm yam

Cov kev sib tham yog nrog los ntawm cov yuav tsum tau siv cov tsim nyog rau tus txhais lus los ntawm tus hais lus ib hom ntawv nyeem "paralinguistic" txhais tau tias. Txhua-txhua hnub neeg sib tham - yog cov realm ntawm "mixed" lus, uas siv cov kev sib txuas lus muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv ze kev twb kev txuas nrog cov uas tsis yog-lus txhais tau tias. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm kev sib txuas lus los ntawm kev hais lus yog ib tug sib tham hauv paus ntsiab lus. Qhov no txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus cwj pwm yog alternating lub xeev (yog lub luag hauj lwm reversal). Kev lig kev cai, nws zoo li no: ib tug hais tias - lub thib ob mloog. Tab sis qhov no yog ib qho zoo tagnrho tswvyim, uas suab tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Hnov feem ntau tseem passive los yog mas nyob ntawm lub ntsej muag kab zauv, gestures (paralinguistic txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus). Nta tias characterize neeg sib tham:

• yog yam tsis tau xav;
• ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tham;
• tus ceev kev hloov;
• conversational style ;
• cov tsis muaj lub hom phaj;
• lub siab lub ntsws thiab kev paub qhia lo.

Kawm kos duab rau ntawm tej uas yus hnov. Qhov no yog qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv peb lub neej!