Gostiny Dvor nyob rau hauv Russia. Exhibition nyob rau hauv Gostiny Dvor

Gostiny Dvor Russia, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov lag luam tawm, muaj ib tug zoo kawg li keeb kwm ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob. Lub earliest daim ntawv ntawm barter yog ib tug "ntsiag to trade", uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov koom hoob nyob rau hauv cov kev sib pauv tsis tau lub ntsej muag txhua lwm yam. "Ntsiag to trade" yog ntse muaj coob tus neeg, feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, rau tag nrho cov, tiam sis yog tsis muaj keeb kwm pov thawj ntawm nws tiag tiag hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Russia. Tus thawj mention ntawm luam kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv Russia yog 8-9 centuries.

Tus thawj nyob rau hauv Russia outlets

Nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm lub ntsiab khw center yog Kiev, nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub waterway. Lawv vam no tag nrho cov khoom nrhiav los ntawm tag nrho cov traders, xws li txawv teb chaws sawv daws yuav. Thaj chaw, qhov twg lub mart, los ua central. Ntawm no nrhiav rau cov neeg nyob ntawm lub nroog, tsis tsuas yog rau cov khoom, tab sis kuj yuav kawm txog cov xov xwm, pauv views, saib yeeb yam ntawm kev mus saib xyuas buffoons. Kev ua lag luam Square nyob tom qab thawj Gostiny Dvor, uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog cov thaj chaw rau lub cia ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lawv tau yeej ib txwm muaj sab los ntawm sab - ib tug yuav khoom arcade thiab Gostiny Dvor.

Yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau cov emergence ntawm Gostiny Dvor

Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, uas tau coj ib tug ua txoj hauj lwm raws li ib tug coj mus muag thiab economic chaw tom qab lub Dilapidated Kiev, khw chaw tshwm tshwj xeeb series xws Vetoshny, nuv ntses los yog cuab tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII qhov chaw, muab luam txhua yam - nyiaj, kev coj, kev ntsuas thiab luj, nws yog Moscow. Gostiny Dvor tsis tau nyob ua ib ke, nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lawv lub luag hauj lwm yog nqa tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, yog txoj cai muaj nyob rau lub square - nyob rau hauv lub qab daus ntawm lawv muab cov khoom nyob rau kev nkag, lawv muaj kev nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, uas lub sij hawm yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov khw, tab sis, lawv yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects ua tsis tau zoo rau lub outlets ntawm cov European lub teb chaws. Lawv me me luaj li cas yog ncaj qha txog cov hauj lwm thiab se. Qhov tseem tsausmuag luam nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv XIV-XV centuries tau nqa tawm nyob ze ntawm lub Moscow dej choj. Lub chaw uas zoo heev occupies ib tug loj loj - no yog cov qis, nruab nrab, sab sauv kab thiab ib tug ntau ntawm cov heev me me me ntsis khw.

Poj koob yawm txwv Gostiny Dvor

Moscow hlawv ob peb lub sij hawm, thiab tom qab ib tug tua hluav taws nyob rau hauv 1493 evicted ntawm lub Kremlin, cov tub luam thiab muab lawv ib ncig ntawm ib tug yav tom ntej Liab Square. Ntawm no yog nyob Ilyinsky sacrum (nyob rau hauv kev tshuam ntawm lub khw kev ntawm npas twb tau soj xyuas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog active) nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub XVI xyoo pua thiab ua tau thawj nyob rau hauv Russia ntoo Gostiny Dvor. Moscow yog tus founder ntawm lub tsev so tsev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus nyob rau hauv nws los ntawm afar tub txawj tub ntse tuaj txog rau ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub mev muaj ib tug warehouse khaws cov khoom thiab khw muag khoom noj rau theem muag tag nrho - khw muag khoom nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm coj mus muag tsev hais plaub twb tsis nqa tawm tsis. Xub thawj, lub Gostiny Dvor tau nws tus kheej tej kev tsim kho. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau lawv cia li sawv nrog ua lag luam nrog lwm cov cheeb tsam thiab lub teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub tsev hais plaub tam sim ntawd ua kev lis kev cai. Tej no feem ntau yog tsa, noj mus rau hauv tus account lub teb chaws nta ntawm tub txawj tub ntse.

txawv teb chaws muaj

Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub loj kav khw chaw ntawm Russia (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) tau ntev muaj Dutch thiab German trading yards, Armenian thiab Yudais, "anglitsky" thiab Greek. Nws yog xws li ib hom ntawm fortified chaw - lub cheeb tsam twb ncig los ntawm ib tug muaj zog lub laj kab, watchtowers twb tas vim hais tias cov khoom ntau yam, lawv yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub loog chaw ua system ntawm cov nqi thiab cov nqi se, uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ua lawv txoj kev txhim kho thiab expansion.

Independent ntxwv tsev

Nrog rau cov khoom neeg ua tsev - merchant tsev, tus nqi rau cov kev pab uas muaj ib tug differentiated mus kom ze - polavochnaya thiab izbnaya. Cov khw chaw zov me nyuam tau ua nyob rau hauv tib lub ntsiab cai: nws yuav tsum tau muab teem tag nrho cov tsim nyog los nqa tawm lag luam wholesale luam nyob rau hauv loj ntau ntau. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, ntawm chav kawm, tswm cheeb tsam nrog cov hauj lwm hauv tsev, cov sawv cev lub hwj chim ntawm lub nroog, uas yog kev lis kev cai. Nws kuj muab tso thiab "tseem ceeb heev" - chaw ua si nrog rau tes taw hnyav. Kev coach tsev, bathhouse, pub, tavern (yuav tsum tau cov chaw rau lub cev thiab tus ntsuj plig), nees barns tau ua los ze zog mus rau lub laj kab. Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw uas zoo heev nyob los ntawm cov loog barns - warehouses rau khaws cia cov khoom.

Cov tseem ntawm architecture

Lawv raug them nrog ib tug hluas gallery warehouses, thiab lawv twb ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub perimeter, qhia ib arcade los yog, ntau tsis tshua muaj, lub colonnade (Kostroma vaj). Feem ntau cov feem ntau, qhov, khw muab thiab barns tau ua nyob rau hauv ob plag tsev. Muaj kev siv cov qauv. Piv txwv li, ib tug raug tshem tawm loj nce mus txog ob yards nyob rau hauv ntev, nws polulavka lawm yog ob zaug tsawg. Muaj, li cas los xij, departing los ntawm tus tsim qhov ntev - qhov no yog vim tus tseem ntawm tej yam khoom siv. Ntim nyob rau hauv warehouses nws cov hom phiaj tau khaws cia rau hnub no - nws yog ib lub thawv thiab "loj tote" los yog "nosiltsy". Cov khoom xws li khau looj plab hlaub, cia rau lub bar thiab rau. Tej zaum ib tug lub txhab sib koom ib ob peb tub txawj tub ntse, thiab tej zaum kuj nyob rau txoj kev hlub tshua muab rau tag nrho cov loog zaum. Moscow, Novgorod thiab Tula paub xws piv txwv.

Hauj lwm raws li lub hauv paus ntawm ntxiv expansion

Wipers yuav tsum tsis txhob tsuas huv si thiab zoo - lawv kom koj them rau barns lag luam (txhab), tag nrho thaj chaw (izbnye) thiab polavochnye se. Muaj lwm yam hauj lwm - yuav coj txoj kev hlub ntawm tej hom ntawm cov nqi los yog rau cov lag luam tawm nrog rau cov laub los yog lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib cov nkoj mus them "xa tus sau." Nrog rau cov kev taw qhia uas coj mus muag tsev hais plaub tag nrho cov tub txawj tub ntse twb yuam ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv, ntawm chav kawm, yog hais tias nws tsis muaj lawv tus kheej lub khw muag khoom qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Ntxiv kev siv ntawm cov khoom coj qhov chaw, yog hais tias nws yog tsis yuav nyob rau hauv tej rau tom ntej thauj, lub khw twg, qhov twg nws twb xa los ntawm lub warehouses ntawm Gostiny Dvor.

differentiated mus kom ze

Tshwj xeeb muaj rau neeg txawv teb chaws trading cai. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Novgorod German tub txawj tub ntse twb tso cai nkaus xwb ob zaug ib xyoos, nyob rau ib tug zoo-sau tseg lub sij hawm kom xa cov khoom. Txawm ces, cov princes sawv khwb tshaj qhov kev txaus siab ntawm lub zos producers. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm txawv teb chaws trade tsev hais plaub, raws li zoo raws li embassies, ua nws tus kheej cov kev cai, thiab tus tub huabtais ntawm Novgorod twb tsis muaj txoj cai ntawm kev pab. Tab sis (tej zaum) paub lub zos tub txawj tub ntse thiab tau ua cas muaj cuab kav nrog cov khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog lawv cov tshiab kev hloov kho, qhov no yog yuav tsum tau xav nyob rau hauv Gostiny Dvor. Exhibition los yog ib txhia kuaj yuav muaj nyob ua ib ke rau ntawm nws lub chaw uas zoo heev, raws li nyob rau hauv uas yuav muab qhov chaw nram qab no tus lw.

Ib tug ntawm cov yooj yim industries

Kev pauv nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog - nws yog ib tug lossis loj kev lag luam uas yog muab thiab diplomatic, thiab kev cai thiab cov tub txib txoj hauj lwm. Gostiny Dvor koom pheej ntawm Genoa, uas, nyob rau hauv tus, tau lub ntiaj teb no trading platform German Dutch tub txawj tub ntse, cov kev kawm uas muaj ntau paintings ntawm nyuab thiab txawj tej hauj lwm. Peb Tsar Saltan tsuas ntsia tawm mus rau hiav txwv ua lag luam ships, kawm "Okay eh txawv teb chaws il phem, thiab yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb." Rau cov kab, koj yuav txiav txim rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tub txawj tub ntse (lawv txais cov huab tais) thiab cov lag luam tawm nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Txij li thaum uas tsim nyog nco era rau tam sim no hnub nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm peb lub teb chaws fwm ancient coj mus muag chaw ntawm no hom. Lawv yog cov tsis tsuas keeb kwm thiab architectural monuments, tab sis kuj beautify lub nroog. Nws muaj xws li "tsw ntawm antiquity" Tsis ntev los no, nyob rau hauv ib tug zam. Thiab yuav ua li cas patriotic, txaus nyiam thiab yeej-yeej mus rau npe rau ib tug loj niaj hnub khw thiab kev lom zem complex "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula - lub nroog nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog xws li ib tug chaw.

interconnection centuries

Qhov chaw ua hauj yog legendary, tej yam txaus siab thiab zoo tswv yim yeej yuav hnov ntau heev. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj yog ib lub tsev boom dhau ob peb lub xyoos. Tam sim no nws yog ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov thawj, uas tsis yog-tus qauv vaj tse rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Tab sis cov niaj hnub loog zaum nyob rau hauv Tula muaj peev xwm mus rau sawv tawm tiv thaiv no tom qab. Raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, khw chaw muaj lawm tsom xam ntawm lub nroog lub neej, ib qho chaw uas lawv yuav tau raws li lawv cov kev cai thiab txhua hnub xav tau kev pab, uas nrhiav tag nrho cov townspeople, thiab niaj hnub no hauv lub nroog ceev xwm tswj kom tsim ib qhov chaw uas yuav nyiam tulchan, yuam kom lawv tawm hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lawv cov tsev thiab mus xyuas rau ib co yog vim li cas, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula rau ob lub xyoos raws li ib tug loj lom lub qhib ntawm ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog khw thiab kev lom zem complex, uas yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib lub nroog nrog nws tus kheej cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus 150 khw, 6-screen xinesmas, heev heev cafes thiab khw noj mov, gyms, qoj chaw zov me nyuam, kev zoo nkauj cov khw txiav, muaj yog muab qhov chaw rau lub npe ntawm kev sib yuav nrog tus cwj pwm ntawm tom ntej kab tshoob kev kos. Txhua yam yuav tsum tau rau niaj hnub tus txiv neej, muaj peev xwm muab Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Miv nyob rau hauv tag nrho xws li chaw zov me nyuam cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj exhibition nrog.

Qhov tseem eminent nyob lub teb chaws vaj

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, txawm txiav txim los ntawm lub npe, nws tsim nyog cov lus tshwj xeeb "Big Gostiny Dvor", ib tug monument ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm thiab architecture ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, nyob rau hauv UNESCO tiv thaiv. Xeeb txawm nyob rau hauv Elizabeth, nws ua tau los ntawm Rastrelli cai ntawm 1758 nyob rau hauv "lub pob tw" ntawm Nevsky Prospekt thiab Sadovaya Street. Warehouses thiab khw, ua los ntawm tub txawj tub ntse, yuav tsum muab lawv cov tib nyob rau hauv perpetuity txoj cai ntawm roj ntsha kis tau tus mob, vim hais tias cov nyiaj txiag ntawm kev tsim kho tau npaj tau siv nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub tub txawj tub ntse, tab sis, nrog rau thaum pib ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, tag nrho cov tuaj lig, thiab nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm peb tes num nws tus kheej twb muab tso tseg.

Siv cov kev faib twb nqa tawm los ntawm Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe. Nws ntawd kub ntev li ntawm 1761 mus 1785. Txij thaum nws cov inception, loj zaum vaj pib ua si ib indispensable luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kom lub neej ntawm St. Petersburg. Rau nws, raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb rau sab qaum teb capital chaw, tus thawj twb muaj roj teeb pom kev zoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xyoo ntawm nws lub neej nws pheej rov qab los, thiab los kho thiab restoration los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntxias, restorers thiab architects li cov Tsarist thiab Soviet Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub 1886-1887 tus, NL Benoit rov qab los Gostiny Dvor.

Petersburg tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab ntawm lub tuam tsev no thiab lub puam. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub siege ntawm nws guarded nrog rau lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas cov vaj tse ntawm lub sab qaum teb capital. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor txum tim rov qab thiab pom zoo raws li ib tug architectural monument. Tom qab lub tom ntej no overhaul, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv 1955-1967 xyoo, 167 tus neeg muag khoom noj uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws infinite cheeb tsam, tuaj koom nyob rau hauv lub central department ntawm lub nroog hu ua "Gostiny Dvor". Rau tag nrho kho ntawm lub tsev raug dai kom zoo nkauj - lub richly decorated ntsiab nkag, ces ntxiv tshiab tsuas-iav qhov rais thiab chaw. Txij li thaum 1994, lub khw muag khoom los ua ib tug sib koom Tshuag lag luam, thiab cov tsev tam sim no belongs rau lub Ministry ntawm Culture.

Petersburgers yog heev fond ntawm thiab zoo siab rau lawv "Dormitory." Nws lub teb chaws yog nta tso tsis tau tsuas yog tag nrho cov hom ntawm khw malls, uas yog hnub mus xyuas los mus txog rau 300 000 cov neeg muas zaub los ntawm ib ncig lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis kuj lub tsev ntawm siab zam, thiab yav tom ntej cov chaw rau ua qauv qhia los ntawm ntau yam yuav teev cia. Exhibition nyob rau hauv Gostiny Dvor hnub no suab zoo li ib yam dab tsi khuv xim - zoo, qhov twg nws yog tsis muaj?