Germanic lus. Suam ntawm cov Germanic lus thiab dialects

Lus Askiv yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau thiab ib tug loj pawg hu ua Germanic lus. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog nws nyob rau hauv kom meej. Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov no ceg yog ib feem ntawm ib tug txawm ntau dua - Indo-European lus. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus German, thiab lwm tus neeg - lub Hithai, Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Greek, Celtic, Roman, Slavic, thiab hais txog. Indo-European lus, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev - ib tug broad coalition.

Txawm li cas los, peb xav nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg nws muaj nws tus kheej cais. Germanic lus yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no 2 pawg: North (txwv tsis pub hu ua Scandinavian) thiab Western. Lawv tag nrho cov muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv.

Tej zaum emit Romano-Germanic lus. Cov muaj xws li cov German thiab Romance (yos rov qab mus rau lub Latin).

Yayki West pab pawg

Lub West German xws li Dutch, Frisian, High German, Lus Askiv, Flemish, Boer, Yiddish.

Rau feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Great teb chaws Aas Kiv - Northern Ireland, Scotland thiab hais - raws li zoo raws li lub US, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, yog ib haiv neeg English. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyob rau hauv Pakistan, Is Nrias teb, South Africa li ib tug hauj lwm txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus.

Frisian yog nrov nyob rau hauv lub North hiav txwv - yog hais los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv Frislandskie kob. Literary nws zoo ntawm muaj nws cov hauv paus zapadnofrizskie dialects.

Hom lus rau cov neeg nyob ntawm Austria, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Switzerland yog High German. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov teb chaws lub nroog pejxeem raws li ib tug txawj. Tus villagers ntawm cov chaw no tseem hais lus "platdoyche", los yog qis German lub suab hais lus - tshwj xeeb suab hais lus, uas nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog cov lus. Nws tsim tib neeg cov ntaub ntawv.

Dutch - haiv neeg Dutch neeg.

Niaj hnub nimno Germanic lus muaj xws li Boer, kuj hu ua tus "Afrikaans", uas yog ntau nyob rau hauv South Africa, ib tug loj ib ncig. Nyob rau hauv no ze rau lub Dutch lus hais Afrikaners, los yog Boers - xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm colonists ntawm Holland uas khiav lawv cov teb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th.

Flemish yog heev ze rau nws. Nws hais tias cov neeg ntawm Belgium, lub sab qaum teb yog ib feem, thiab lub Netherlands (nyob rau hauv ib co chaw). Flemish, nrog rau cov Fabkis nyob rau hauv Belgium yog tus nom txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus.

Yiddish - tsim nyob rau hauv 10-12 centuries, cov lus hais los ntawm cov neeg Yudais ntawm Eastern Europe. Lub hauv paus ntawm nws - Middle High German dialects.

North German lus pab pawg

Saib cov nram North German Germanic lus: Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish.

Xeem - haiv neeg pej xeem ntawm lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Finland (uas tau tsiv mus rau lub nyob deb yav dhau los, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg neeg drevneshvedskih) thiab cov Swedish neeg. Qhov niaj hnub no dialects tus yam ntxwv sawv tawm gutnichesky, hais los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov kob ntawm Gotland. Swedish hnub no muaj ib tug sau ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv raws li cov German lus nyob rau hauv lus Askiv. Active paub cov ntsiab lus tsis yog zoo heev.

Danish - haiv neeg rau lub Danish neeg, uas yog tseem nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem rau ob peb centuries thiab cov hauj lwm cov lus ntawm Norway uas, raws li yog lub npe hu, yog ib feem ntawm lub caij 14th xyoo pua mus txog rau thaum 1814, ib feem ntawm cov Danish lub xeev.

Danish thiab Swedish, ze nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, yog tam sim no ho diverged, tej zaum lawv cov chav hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb pab pawg ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua vostochnoskandinavskih adverbs.

Norwegian lus, uas yog haiv neeg rau lub Norwegian neeg, muab faib nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tau qeeb heev los ntawm cov keeb kwm tej yam kev mob raws li cov pej xeem hauv lub xeev tau raug yuam kom nyob hauv qab tus kev cai ntawm lub Danes rau yuav luag 400 xyoo. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no muaj ib tug tsim ntawm lub Norwegian lus, ntau rau tag nrho cov teb chaws, raws li nws tus yam ntxwv occupies ib txoj hauj lwm intermediate ntawm lub Danish thiab Swedish.

Iceland tus pej xeem hais lus Icelandic. Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm lub inhabitants ntawm no kob lub teb chaws twb Norwegians uas hais nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub xyoo pua 10. Icelandic lus, evolving ntawm nws tus kheej rau ze li ntawm ib xyoo txhiab, tau mas yuav kis tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshiab nta, thiab tau muab khaws cia tseg muaj ntau yam ntawm cov khoom uas yog raug ntawm Qub Norse. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov niaj hnub txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg nyob Fjord Lub teb chaws twb poob lawm ntau ntawm cov nta. Tag nrho cov dab tau coj mus rau lub fact tias qhov txawv ntawm Icelandic (novoislandskimi) thiab Norwegian lus yog heev npaum li cas thaum lub caij.

Faroese tshwm sim niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv lub Faroe Islands tuaj, uas pw rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub Shetland Islands. Nws muab khaws cia tseg, raws li zoo raws li Iceland thiab lwm yam lus pab pawg, cov nta lub lub suab hais lus ntawm lawv cov pog koob yawg koob - Laus Norse, uas tom qab tsoo.

Faroese, Icelandic thiab Norwegian tej zaum ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm. Nws hu ua zapadnoskandinavskie lus. Tab sis qhov tseeb tam sim no qhia tau hais tias, nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no lub xeev ntawm cov Norwegian yog npaum li cas los ze zog mus rau lub Danish thiab Swedish tshaj rau Faroese thiab Icelandic.

Early ntaub ntawv hais txog cov Germanic pab pawg neeg

Keeb kwm ntawm lub German lus kawm nyob rau hauv ib co nthuav dav niaj hnub no. Tus thawj mention ntawm lub Germans yuav mus rau lub xyoo pua 4 BC. Yuav kom muab cov lus qhia txog lawv cov traveler yog astronomer thiab geographer Pytheas (Pytheas los yog), Greek, nyob ntawm lub nroog ntawm Massilia (uas hnub no yog hu ua Marcel). Nws ua txog 325 BC. e. zoo mus txawv tebchaws los cov Amber Ntug dej hiav txwv, nyob, thaj, nyob rau hauv lub Elbe estuary, raws li zoo raws li lub yav qab teb shores ntawm lub North thiab Baltic Seas. Nyob rau hauv nws cov kev sib txuas lus Pytheas hais guttonov pab pawg neeg thiab cov Teutons. Lawv cov npe hais lus kom meej meej txog seb cov ntaub ntawv haiv neeg - qub Germanic.

Posts Plutarch thiab Yuliya Tsezarya

Cov tom ntej no mention ntawm lub Germans xam tau tias yog cov lus ntawm Plutarch, lub Greek historian uas nyob rau hauv lub 1-2 xyoo pua AD. Nws sau txog Bastarnae hnyuj hnyo rau cov sab Danube, hais txog 180 xyoo BC. e. Tab sis cov no cov ntaub ntawv yog heev sketchy, yog li tsis txhob muab peb ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm cov Germanic pab pawg neeg. Lawv, raws li Plutarch, tsis paub txog tej tsiaj husbandry los yog ua liaj ua teb. Cov tsov ua rog rau cov pab pawg neeg - tsuas yog ua lag ua luam.

Yuliy Tsezar yog thawj Roman sau, piav txog tus Germans thaum lub sij hawm thawj xyoo BC. e. Nws hais tias lawv lub neej tag nrho yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog txoj hauj lwm thiab kev yos hav zoov. Lawv them nyiaj rau me ntsis rau ua liaj ua teb.

Paub meej ntawm Pliny lub Txwj Laug

Tab sis qhov tseem tseem ceeb cov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Pliny lub Txwj Laug, naturalist (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 23-79 BC ..), Thiab Tacitus, lub historian (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 58-117 AD ..). Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, "annals" thiab "Lub teb chaws Yelemees" tiam kawg cov ntawv qhia ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog txog rau tam sim no kev faib ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, tab sis kuj hais txog lawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej, kab lis kev cai, kev sib raug zoo system. Tacitus distinguishes 3 pawg: istvaeones, Hermione thiab ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy kuj hais tib yam pab pawg neeg, tab sis yog hais txog ingaevones Teutons thiab cov Cimbri. Qhov no kev faib yog, thaj, heev phim cov kev faib nyob rau hauv lub 1 xyoo pua BC. e. Germanic pab pawg neeg.

Laus Germanic lus: kev faib

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm sau cov ntaub ntawv tso cai rau koj mus muab peb pab pawg ntawm cov Germanic lus nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog: gothic (East German), Scandinavian (North German) thiab Western European.

Yuav kom muaj xws li cov East German Gothic, Vandal thiab Burgundy.

burgundy lus

Burgundy - lus neeg txawv teb chaws los ntawm Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - Islands nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Baltic. Burgundians tswm nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub 5 xyoo pua, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam uas tau txais lub tib lub npe. Qhov no ancient Germanic lus hnub no tau sab laug rau peb nrog ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov lo lus, mas zoo npe.

Vandalic lus

Vandal - adverb Vandals uas hais tom qab los ntawm Spain rau North Africa, nyob qhov twg lawv tseg rau tom qab lub npe Andalusia (niaj hnub no mas). Qhov no lus, raws li tau zoo raws li burgundy, sawv cev tsuas yog los ntawm npe. Tom qab, lo lus "vandal" tau ua tus destroyer ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev cai monuments, lub barbarian, raws li nyob rau hauv 455 ntawm cov pab pawg neeg plundered thiab yuav Rome.

Gothic

Gothic lus pib ua nws ntau monuments. Qhov loj tshaj plaws extant - "Nyiaj Scroll" - translation ntawm cov phau Vajluskub mus rau lub Gothic. Fwm 187 ntawm 330 los xij ntawm tus ntawv sau.

Ancient West German lus

West German pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus sawv cev los ntawm lub Anglo-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, qub Saxon, Frankish, qub High German. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.

Qhov kawg ntawm cov tsev neeg no muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm dialects. Nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws monuments xws li cov phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo lub 8 pua:

1. gloss - me me dictionaries rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem sau nyob rau hauv Latin, los yog txhais ntawm ib tug neeg lus nyob rau hauv German, sau nyob rau hauv lub margins.

2. translations ntawm kev cai dab qhuas thiab classical ntaub ntawv los ntawm Notker, nyob rau hauv lub lig 10 - thaum ntxov 11th xyoo pua qhia ib tug monastery tsev kawm ntawv.

3. Paj Huam "muspilli" (2 ib nrab xyoo pua 9).

4. "Cov Song ntawm Ludwig '.

5. "Merseburg hnoos li no."

6. "Lub Song ntawm Hildebrand."

Frankish lus kuj muaj ntau lub dialects. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, lawv los ua ib feem ntawm cov German tab sis nizhnefrankskogo, yog lub txwv zeej txwv koob cov niaj hnub Dutch, Flemish thiab Boer.

North German pab pawg neeg ntawm hom lus xws li Laus Norse, qub Norse, qub Norse drevnedatsky thiab adverbs. Lawv tag nrho cov muaj lawv tus kheej tej yam ntxwv.

Qhov kawg ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus tej zaum kuj hu ua tus nplaig runiform printing vim hais tias nws muaj cov plurality ntawm (txog 150) hais txog ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm centuries n 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky kuj fwm nyob rau hauv hais txog lub 9 xyoo pua runic monuments ntawm epigraphy. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj txog 400.

Tus thawj monuments ntawm Qub Swedish kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lub 9 xyoo pua AD. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv Vesteretland xeev thiab yog cov inscriptions rau lub pob zeb. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov runic inscriptions tsim nyob rau hauv cov lus no nce mus txog 2500.