Tsim, Lus
Derivational saw ntawm cov lus uas nyuaj. Yuav ua li cas los tsim kom tau ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-lub tsev? Piv txwv derivational chains
Tau lub dai ntawm yuav ua li cas los tsim kom tau ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-tsim, tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no tawm kev yuav pub rau lw lub theem ntawm tsim ib tug tshiab hais lus chav tsev thiab tsis txhob yav tom ntej blunders.
Derivative thiab ua lus
Tag nrho cov tshiab khiv-tsim hais lus ntsiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus muaj ib tug derivative hauv paus. Derivational saw ntawm cov lus uas nyuaj ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm qhov nyuaj - ua (motivating) units. Nws yog ib lub hauv paus. Tag nrho ntawm lub tshiab tsim lus yog muab tau (kev mob siab). Qhov no txoj cai siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov mob, tus tsim ntawm cov tshiab hais lus units.
Mob siab lo lus muaj ib tug ntau cov qauv nrog hwm rau cov zaub mov ntau lawm. Qhov no yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub semantic, morphological thiab stylistic sib nrauj.
Peb xav txog derivational saw - piv txwv ntawm derivatives thiab ua ntsiab:
- Khob <= nyob rau hauv-iav-nick, qhov twg iav - motivating unit. Khob yas dhos - derivative.
- Tuav <= koj-ntsis *, nyob qhov twg dhia ceev ceev - ua lo lus. Khob - mob siab.
Tsis-derivative (unmotivated) lo lus
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muaj kev hais lus rau lwm, uas yog tsis tsim los ntawm lwm yam lus nrog cov tib paus. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais tias lawv yog cov uas tsis-derivative hauv paus. Derivational lo lus saw muaj unmotivated substrate yuav tsum tsim nyob rau nrog cov chav tsev raws li nram no: non-derivative daim ntawv raws li generating <= mob siab daim ntawv. Qhov ntawd yog qhov yooj yim lo lus yog lub feem ntau yooj yim nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Unmotivated hais lus rau lwm feem ntau yog muaj xws li ntawm tib lub hauv paus. Piv txwv li: tus kwv tij, rooj zaum, hnub.
Yuav ua li cas yog derivational saw
Tus me tshaj unit ntawm lo lus tsim yog ua daim ntawv no. Raws li nws, meem hauv tag nrho cov yam khoom. Derivational saw yog ib theem ntawm kev hais lus ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug tib paus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua tshiab caij li nram no los ntawm lub yav dhau los yog ib tug. Hais tias yog, ib theem zuj zus muaj ib tug hierarchical qauv.
Txhua tshiab unit nyob rau hauv lub formative saw ntaub ntawv nrog rau yav tas los ob peb lub suab thiab yog ib tug derivative ntawm nws. Lwm lo lus, nyob rau hauv lem, yog motivating.
Xav txog ib qho piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv ib cov saw weave <= weaver <= weaver 'weaver' yog muab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub "fiab", whereas nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub "weaver" Nws yog motivating.
Yuav ua li cas yog lub derivational saw
Derivational saw ntawm cov lo lus - ib theem ntawm cov tshiab hais lus units. Lus - ib tug nyob mechanism uas yog tas li tshiab. Txij li thaum feem ntau ntawm cov tshiab hais lus rau lwm nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus - derivatives, lo lus tsim yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhov tseem ceeb rau kev totaub txog cov nqi ntawm cov lus thiab tau assimilation.
Rau lub tsim ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab txhawb cov kev txawj ntse ntawm lub tsev sequences tsim nyog ua ntau yam kev pab raws qib xws li:
- tsim ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-tsim ntawm lub muab lo lus;
- Nrhiav cov generating zoo lawm;
- txiav txim siab tau dab tsi formative saw ntawm ib theem zuj zus;
- qhia hais tias tus motivating hauv paus;
- txiav txim yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam chains ntawm lo lus-tsim nyob rau hauv lub zes.
lo lus-txoj kev zes
Nrog derivational chains muab stemmings hais lus unit nrog ib qho semantic ntsiab lus nws yuav tsum formulated lwm ib theem zuj zus. Nws yog hu ua ib tug socket. Qhov no yog lub feem ntau kim heev tswvyim twb lub tsev tshiab lexical cov ntaub ntawv.
Lo lus-txoj kev zes - ib tug txheej ntawm chains uas muab hais lus rau lwm nrog ib tug tag nrho notional nqi. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau xav txog tsis tsuas yog lub uas cov hauv paus hniav, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm semantic sib thooj. Lub ncov ntawm lo lus-txoj kev zes yog qhov nyuaj ib. Tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb qhov nyuaj ntawm cov cognate lus hais, nws yog ua tau los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam sequences rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws muaj peev xwm yuav ua tau.
Piv txwv li, derivational saw: lub ntsej muag <= depersonalize <= depersonalize tsim ib lub zes nrog ib tug hlua: lub ntsej muag ntawm <= pem hauv ntej <= Stoning. Hais lus unit "ntsej muag" yog muab nyob rau hauv no zes.
txoj kev ntawm lo lus tsim
Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob yuam kev nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm derivational chains, nws yog to taub yuav ua li cas lub Lavxias teb sab lus yog qhov kev siv ntawm tus tshiab hais lus ntsiab.
Qhia ob peb txoj kev:
1. ntxiv. Tus tshiab unit yog tsim los ntawm koom ib lub hauv paus ntawm ib lo lus rau lub hauv paus ntawm lwm (los yog ntau tshaj bases). Muaj cov nram qab no txoj kev:
- ua kav + txuas cim + motivating lus: gas-o-silicate, full-of-nyeem. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, lub txuas cim tej zaum yuav uas ploj lawm: Kaliningrad;
- ua puag + foundation ua rooj zaum txaj, flared tiab, ib tug uas tsis yog-commissioned officer;
- ua ua lub hauv paus + puag + tom qab: lub taub hau-pov tseg-rau-ib tug;
- tsiaj ntawv: tsim ntawm compound lus los ntawm kev ntxiv lig los yog cov truncated bases: university, battalion, zavskladom.
2. morphological txoj kev - nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm affixes:
- suffix (siv lus): raspberries-nick <= raspberries;
- prefixing (siv ua ntej lo lus); re-run <= khiav;
- Postaffixal (Tibneeg-los yog, muaj ib hnub twg, Xia): yuav Xia <= mus yuav;
- Thaum lawv tseem (prefixed-sr, suffixal prefixing li al.)
3. Conversion (morpho-syntactic txujci). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lo lus no yog tsis raug txog cov kev hloov. Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm tshiab units yog nqa tawm los ntawm switching los ntawm ib tug mus rau lwm ib feem ntawm kev hais lus.
- substantivizing - lub tsim ntawm ib tus los ntawm lwm ib feem ntawm tus hais lus: lub orderly ua hauj lwm, tsaug zog;
- adjectivization - chaw tsim los ntawm hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus: hlawv ob lub qhov muag (piv: thee hlawv cub tawg);
- pronominalizatsiya (kev hloov mus rau lub tej lus): no lub ntsiab lus teb, nyob rau hauv tib lub nroog;
- adverbializatsiya (txoj kev hloov mus rau hauv ib qho adverb): nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yuav ua li cas (piv: qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv koj txoj kev npaj y);
- hloov mus rau lub prepositions: ua tsaug rau ib tug zoo siab rau lub sij hawm (piv: ua tsaug rau nws vim nws pab).
4. Cov lexical-semantic txoj kev. Lo lus tsis hloov nws morphological qauv, kis ib tug txawv lub ntsiab lus: dos (cog) - nyo hau (riam phom), txhuam (drawing) - Txhuam (roob tshauv).
5. lexico-syntactic hom: tshuam ob los yog ntau tshaj chav nyob rau hauv ib tug. Piv txwv li: Cov nram qab no (teev hauv qab no), tawg paj txi txiv (me ntsis zoo).
Algorithm nqus formative saw
Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-tsim, nws yog tsim nyog los xyuas ib theem zuj zus ntawm kev ua. Nruj raws li tag nrho cov khoom yuav zoo heev piv cov neeg ua hauj lwm.
- Muab ib lo lus nyob rau hauv lub yeej zoo.
- Xaiv tag nrho cov muaj nyob rau affixes - tsiaj ntawv ua pib, lus thiab keeb kwm.
- Txiav txim seb txoj kev ntawm kev kawm ntawv.
- Nrhiav cov semantic ntsiab lus ntawm tus hais lus lub caij (yog tias tsim nyog - nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm ib tug phau ntawv txhais lus).
- Nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm ib-paus units rau khaws cov generating ntawm ib tug uas zoo sib xws muaj nqis.
Piv txwv li, koj xav mus nrhiav cov ua ntawm lo lus "yas dhos".
Xaiv lub hauv paus thiab affixes: a-khob-nick, qhov twg - prefix, npe menyuam yaus - suffix iav - cov hauv paus hniav. Prefixal-suffix txoj kev lo lus tsim. Peb txhais semantic lub ntsiab lus: khob yas dhos - ib tug kwv uas yog muab tso rau hauv lub khob. Yog li ntawd ua lo lus "iav" yuav ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no.
Piv txwv derivational chains
Xav txog ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm nqus sequences.
"Siab" yuav tsum tau derivational saw nrog lo lus.
Raws li cov algorithm:
- Lub daim ntawv pib - "siab."
- Xaiv cov affixes: lub sij hawm-oars-thiab Th-Xia. Lus: shaping - thiab - indeterminate daim ntawv -t kuv-, postfix ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov qhia txog kev ua rov qab Xia. Txawv prefix. -vesel- paus.
- Txiav txim seb lub hom ntawm lo lus tsim: peb twb tau mus rau ntsiab lub formative suffix thiab prefix. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev - platformers-suffix.
- Xaiv lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus hais lus lub caij "cheer": tuaj mus rau hauv ib tug zoo mus ob peb vas, muaj kev lom zem.
- Tus txheej txheem ntawm lo lus tsim - prefixed-suffix. Nrhiav generating tsev los ntawm simplification. Motivating lo lus reflexive qhia txog kev ua "siab" yog ib tug uas tsis yog-rov qab qhia txog kev ua "siab." Txawv prefix, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ib tug nqi ntawm ib tug txiav txim nrog zoo siv. Generating lo lus qhia txog kev ua "siab" yog yooj yim caij "cheer", uas yog tsim nyob rau, nyob rau hauv lem, tus chaw "zoo siab". Yog li, derivational saw yuav tsum:
Muaj lus zoo siab <= kom luag <= cheer <= cheer
Tsim ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-lub tsev rau cov noun "salting."
Raws li cov algorithm:
- Lub daim ntawv pib - "salting."
- Xaiv cov affixes thiab cov hauv paus hniav: rau cov huab-rau-zoo. Prefix: za- paus: -hydrochloric - suffix: -k-, flexion: s.
- Txoj kev derivation: prefixal-suffix.
- Peb txhais semantic ntsiab lus ntawm "salting": preservation siv ntsev.
- Peb tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug yooj yim pes tsawg leeg ua ib lo lus. Lub suffix -k - hais tias lub suab caij yog lub npe ntawm kev txiav txim, thiab yog muab tau los ntawm qhov qhia txog kev. Derivational khub kom muaj ib tus qhia txog kev ua "dib qaub". Nyob rau hauv lem, tus prefix za- txhais hais tias lub kawg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim - qhov qhia txog kev ua tsim los ntawm ntau yam yooj yim ntaub ntawv ntawm cov "ntsev." "Yuav kom ntsev" - ua ib yam dab tsi tsib siv ntsev. Ua lo lus "ntsev". Derivational saw yuav ntaus:
Ntsev <= ntsev <= dib qaub <= salting
Yuav kom tsim ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-tsev rau lub chaw "nepedagogichno".
Raws li cov algorithm:
- Lub daim ntawv pib - nepedagogichno.
- Xaiv cov morpheme: non-padagog-DBS thawj. Prefix uas tsis yog-paus -pedagog-, nary ib tug tom qab -, -s flexion.
- Txoj kev derivation: prefixal-suffix.
- Txhais semantic lub ntsiab lus "nepedagogichno": tsis tau raws li cov qauv ntawm pedagogy.
- Tus txheej txheem ntawm lo lus tsim - prefixal-suffix. Peb tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug yooj yim morphemic muaj pes tsawg leeg unit. Lub chaw "nepedagogichno" yog tsim los ntawm tib lub ib feem ntawm kev hais lus "paub tab paub xav" nrog rau cov prefix nrog ib tug tsis zoo tsis. Yog li, lub generating unit nyob rau hauv lub khub yog lo lus "paub tab paub xav". Nyob rau hauv lem, lub chaw "paub tab paub xav" yog tsim los ntawm ib tug formative suffix - ichn- los ntawm cov noun 'pedagogy'. Qhov no slvo yog muab los ntawm ib tug yooj yim pes tsawg leeg noun "xibhwb". Yog li, lub generating unit (kab los sib ntsib) ntawm no ib theem zuj zus yog cov noun "xibhwb". Derivational saw yog raws li nram no:
xib fwb <= pedagogy <= paub tab paub xav <= nepedagogichno
Tsim ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-tsev "razgrimirovatsya" qhia txog kev ua.
Peb nqa tawm cov kauj ruam raws li cov algorithm:
- Infinitive daim ntawv - "razgrimirovatsya".
- Xaiv cov affixes: lub sij hawm-pleev-Irova-Th-Xia. Prefix: txawv paus: -grim -, shaping qhov qhia txog kev suffix - irova- thiab lo rau -t indefinite zoo, postfix-Xia.
- Txoj kev derivation: prefixal-suffix.
- Peb txhais tau lub semantic ntsiab lus ntawm qhov qhia txog kev ua "razgrimirovatsya": hle nws pleev.
- Cov kev lo lus tsim - platformers-sr, nws txhais tau tias tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug yooj yim qauv ntawm cov morphemic unit. Breakout qhia txog kev ua "razgrimirovatsya" yog tsim los ntawm rov qab los ntawm qhov qhia txog kev "ua-up" nrog rau cov prefix txawv mus rau tus nqi ua ntej tshem tawm kev txiav txim. Nyob rau hauv lem, tus reflexive qhia txog kev ua "ua-up" - los ntawm qhov uas tsis yog-rov qab los ntawm qhov qhia txog kev "ua li." Generating cov lo lus "ua li" cov qhia txog kev ua yog ib tug uas tsis yog-derivative noun "pleev", uas yog lub kab los sib ntsib ntawm ib theem zuj zus. Derivational saw nruab nrab yog cov nram qab no tswvyim:
pleev <= ua li <= makeup <= razgrimirovatsya
Yuav tsum xyuam xim
Nyob rau hauv nqus mus rau hauv lub derivational chains yog pom zoo them sai sai mus rau nram qab no nuances:
- yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav tsis meej pem derivation thiab formative tsom xam. Xeem aims kom paub tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tib lo lus. Piv txwv li: kuv khiav - khiav tawm - KHIAV. Thaum lub hom phiaj ntawm tus tsom xam yog derivational saw tshiab lexical units;
- lub hauv paus ntawm tus tshiab khiv-tsim hais lus caij feem ntau muaj ntau affixes tshaj cov motivating. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub formative khub: lub caij ntuj no <= lub caij ntuj no ua lub hauv paus muaj xws li ib tug affix - hauv paus - zim-, thaum lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug reasoned lo lus muaj ib tug hauv paus - zim- thiab cov tom qab - n.
- nyob rau hauv hais lus officers denoting tus neeg los yog tsiaj, txiv neej thiab poj niam, ua luv luv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog ib tug txiv neej tus. Piv txwv li: Weaver <= weaver; Goose <= gus;
- nyob rau hauv officers, xws li ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus - qhia txog kev ua, qhia ib tug paub daws teeb txiav txim, thiab ib tus los yog chaw, qhia tus kos npe rau, derivatives lo lus no feem ntau yog cov noun. Piv txwv li: cov laus <= laus laus, qhov cub <= pastries;
- reflexive verbs ntsiab ib feem yog tsim los ntawm uas tsis yog-returnable. Piv txwv li: qhia lub <= yuav tau kawm, yuav <= yuav;
- nrog qhia txog kev ua lo lus feem ntau ua hauj lwm nram qab no tswvyim: non-derivative qhia txog kev ua imperfective twg <= perfective verbs nrog lub prefix <= qhia txog kev ua nrog rau cov prefix thiab suffix imperfective: saib <= view <= view, tseb <= tseb <= zaseivat s;
- nyob rau hauv lub derivation ntawm adverbs nyob rau hauv -o generating tsev nws yog feem ntau ib qho chaw: zoo <= zoo, ceev ceev <= laum tab sis.
Siv dictionaries nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm derivational chains
Txawm muaj nruj raws li duab algorithm derivational chains tej zaum ua rau tej yam teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog tsim nyog los siv ib phau ntawv txhais lus. Tshwj xeeb khoom, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm uas nws tseem tau los xaiv tib cov hauv paus hniav daim ntawv yuav luag txhua hais lus ntsiab. Lawv yog cov muab lo lus-txoj kev chains - piv txwv ib tug uas tsis yog-derivative cov chav nyob thiab nrog tag nrho nws cov qog. Qhia kom meej hom kev kawm thiab hom ntawm lub tsev lus form.Takzhe koj yuav nrhiav tau cov tswv yim yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau ib cov saw ntawm lo lus-tsim mus rau ib tug kev hais lus hais.
Derivative ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv phau ntawv nyob rau hauv alphabetical thiaj. Cov feem ntau tag ib tsab yog tus "Lo lus-tsim phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus" nyob rau hauv 2 tagnrho.
Siv dictionaries pab nyob rau hauv txoj kev ua chains, thiab yeej txhawb assimilation ntawm lus tshiab.
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