Cov tshuaj mis ntawm vodka

Yuav ua li cas yog cov mis rau vodka? Yuav ua li cas yog nws tiag tiag? Cia peb thawj xyuas lub aqua regia. Qhov no kua compound yog nyeem nitric thiab hydrochloric acids. HNO3 Nitric thiab hydrochloric HCl yog npaum li cas raws li ib tug 1: 3 by volume. Ntawm no yog lub analogy loj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov kev ntshiab tshuaj yog 1: 2.

zaj dabneeg

Thawj aqua regia piav pseudo-Geber. Nws yog ib tug tsis paub hais tias alchemist. Nws treatises rau kis nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub kaum plaub xyoo pua. Ntev ua ntej lub nrhiav kom tau ntawm hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv Latin ua hauj lwm tshuaj mis yog piav los ntawm aqua regia. Qhov no kua yog npaj los ntawm sublimation ntawm lub qhuav sib tov ntawm qaub, nitrate, tooj liab sulfate thiab ammonia nyob rau hauv ib khob txog ntsha smeared. Capacitance twb nruab nrog ib tug hau los yog hau iav.

Albert Veliky nyob rau hauv nws sau hu ua aqua regia aqua secunda. Lub npe txhais tau tias "theem nrab vodka." Aqua prima txhais li "thawj vodka" uas txhais tau hais nitric acid. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam alchemists vodka mis yog hu ua aqua regia.

Bonaventure nyob rau hauv 1270 rau publicize nws tus kheej txoj kev muab ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb kua: nws liquefies ammonia nyob rau hauv "ib tug muaj zog vodka" (aqua fortis, nitric acid). Bonaventure muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj uas nitric acid yaj silver, detaching nws los ntawm kub. Nws txiav txim tias "aqua regia" muaj peev xwm yaj lub "huab tais ntawm cov hlau" - kub. Tab sis rau ib txhia nws twb ntseeg tau tias tus neeg saib xyuas yuav tsis raug hloov.

Yog li, muaj ib tug lub npe aqua regia. Aqua regia steel denoted alchemical cim muaj li ntawm "R" dej cim thiab cov tsiaj ntawv.

Aqua regia thiab Alchemy

Nyob rau hauv Alchemy 1597 Andreas Libavius rau vajtswv twb xub piav raug los ntawm nws aqua regia noo nrog hydrochloric thiab nitric acids. Alkahest yog ib tug universal kuab. Nws npaj tau pom raws li ib tug clue rau ib qho ntawm feem ntau tseem ceeb paub tab ntawm alchemy.

Aqua regia nyob rau hauv txoj kev xyaum ntawm alchemy siv feem ntau txaus. Qhov no tau coj mus rau ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse ntawm cov tshuaj tshua thiab tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, zoo ib yam li thwmsim pab mus rau tsim ntawm kev Science News for KIDS tshuaj ntsuam thiab soj ntsuam.

Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavoisier vodka mis, "muaj koob muaj npe" hu ua nitromurievoy acid. Zaum xav hais tias sawv tawm nyob rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev yog ib tug oxide ntawm lub caij chloro Muria dephlogisticated los yog hydrochloric acid.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws muaj ntau lub npe. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm MV University of 1742 nws muaj lub npe "vodka vaj ntxwv." M. Parpua nyob rau hauv 1796 hu ua nws "aqua regia". VV Petrov nyob rau hauv 1801 tau muab nws lub npe ntawm nitrate-hydrochloric acid, thiab GI Hess nyob rau hauv xyoo 1831 hu ua nws azotnovodohlornoy acid. Common thiab lwm cov npe ntawm no kua.

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, lo lus "vodka" nyob rau hauv lub kaum plaub xyoo pua. Nws yog ib tug diminutive ntawm lo lus "dej" thiab coj cov nqi no mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab-puas tawm xyoo dhau. Ntxiv mus, lo lus tau txais mus rau "haus dej", thaum xub thawj nws yog ib tug lub suab hais lus. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov vodka los ua phem tej ntsuj plig.

zog

Aqua regia muaj ib tug daj-txiv kab ntxwv xim nrog ib tug muaj zog tsis hnov tsw ntawm nitrogen dioxide thiab chlorine. Freshly npaj tsis muaj kob kua, tab sis sai sai yuav txiv kab ntxwv.

Yuav ua li cas yog npaj aqua regia? Formula nws heev nthuav. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm HNO3 thiab HCI, ib tug complex sib tov ntawm cov khoom uas muaj kev ua si, cov uas yog associates thiab dawb radicals. Qhov no kua yog ib tug ntawm cov haib tshaj oxidizers. Cov sib tov yog npaj ncaj qha ua ntej yuav siv, raws li thaum khaws cia nws lov thiab loses oxidative qualities:

3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl = TSIS + Cl

2NO + O2 = 2No2

Lub efficiency ntawm aqua regia li cov oxidant yog ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb nrog zuj zus lawm tau oxidation ntawm hlau. Qhov no yog vim tus tsim ntawm chloride complex tebchaw. Complexation nyob rau hauv ib tug oxidizing zog acid nruab nrab ua tau lub thinning ntawm xws co nrog cov uas tsis muaj kev ua si xws li platinum, kub thiab palladium, txawm nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.

daim ntawv thov

Qhov no kua yog siv raws li ib tug reagent nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj laboratories. Nws khob iav twb lim los ntawm ib co kua nplaum ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Aqua regia yog siv nyob rau hauv assaying highborn co thiab lawv alloys, thaum refining ntawm platinum thiab kub nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm hlau chlorides thiab li ntawd.

vodka

Hu vodka, tsis muaj kob dej cawv. Qhov no dej-cawv kua uas tsis muaj khees tsw thiab saj. lub dag lub zog ntawm vodka yuav ua tau txawv kiag li: raws li Lavxias teb sab qauv - 40-45% thiab 50-56% los ntawm volume, nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm lub EU - tsis tsawg tshaj li 37.5%.

Classical vodka mis yog zoo nkauj nthuav - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. Cov tsim txoj kev ntawm cov kua npaj yog muaj li ntawm cov kho dej thiab blending rectified ethyl cawv rho tawm los ntawm cov zaub mov raw khoom, nrog rau cov txo dej. Cov dej cawv sib tov los yog hloov cov hmoov txhuv nplej tiav nrog tshuab txais charcoal. Ces nws yog lim, ua cov khoom xyaw sib xyaw los ntawm rov pom thiab dispensed rau hauv neeg lub ntim. Dai cov khoom tiav, ntsig txog.

Tsis muaj tsawg interesting yog cov tshuaj mis ntawm vodka zog 40,0 - 45,0% nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb aroma thiab saj. Qhov no kua yog hu ua tshwj xeeb. Nws tsim los ntawm inserting ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom xyaw, flavoring thiab uas muaj ntxhiab additives.

Thaum ntev li ntawm thiab kev siv ntawm vodka yog cawv quav thiab yees.

Mendeleev

ntau legends nyob rau hauv Russia txog "iab". Ib tug ntawm cov myths xwb cov ntsiab lus mus rau ib tug kev twb kev txuas nrog cov tsos ntawm vodka DI kev ua si Mendeleev. Nws tau txais kev pab raws li lub hauv paus ntawm nws doctoral thesis, uas hu ua "Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov cawv nrog dej."

Oh, qhov no mis Mendeleev vodka! Yuav ua li cas yog nws tiag tiag? Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg qhia txog txoj kev nram qab no:

• Txais thesis, zaum sab qhov txawv thaj chaw ntawm cov dej-cawv kua. Cov sib tov muaj ib tug concentration ntawm 43% ethanol los ntawm lub ntim thiab khib kev nyob rau cov ciaj kab mob.
• Nrog xws li ib tug concentration ntawm cov dej-cawv kua yuav muab tau tsuas yog nws qhov chaw los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm haus dej haus cawv thiab dej.
• Raws li cov lus muaj tseeb, Mendeleev muaj peev xwm los tsim ib tug formulation hu ua "Moscow tshwj xeeb". Qhov no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894, twb patented los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv raws li ib lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab vodka.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, DI Mendeleev yeej tsis coj ib feem nyob rau hauv cov creation los yog Modernization ntawm vodka. Tsuas yog ib ob peb ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau tom qab siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov kua.