Cov pov thawj ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lawv txoj haujlwm

Chemistry yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas siv los ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Ib tug neeg tsis xav hais tias nws siv nyob rau hauv nws lub neej txhua hnub lub discoveries ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm. Ua noj hauv cov zaub mov txawv thiab txawv txawv, ua haujlwm hauv lub vaj - fertilizing nroj tsuag, txau, tiv thaiv kab tsuag, siv cov tshuaj los ntawm lub tsev tshuaj hauv siab, siv koj cov tshuaj pleev ib ce kom zoo - txhua yam no tau muab rau peb chemistry.

Ua tsaug rau ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov kws tshuaj lom neeg tau tsim peb lub ntiaj teb raws nraim li no - xis nyob thiab xis. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog qee discoveries thiab cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb kuj muaj nyob hauv tsab xov xwm.

Kev tsim los ntawm Science News for KIDS Science

Raws li kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej, chemistry pib tsim nyob rau hauv qhov thib ib nrab xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua paub. Cov kws tshuaj lom neeg uas tau nthuav tawm mus rau lub ntiaj teb ntau yam nthuav thiab tseem ceeb tshawb pom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb kawm txog cov tshuaj chemical, ua ib qho kev pab loj loj rau lub ntiaj teb hauv nws daim ntawv tam sim no.

Ua tsaug rau tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, peb tau tam sim no siv ntau qhov zoo nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej. Cov kev qhuab qhia nruj heev ntawm kev ua tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov tswv yim hauv kev tshawb fawb, uas ntev ntev rau cov kws tshuaj ua kom ntev ntev.

Lub discovery ntawm tshiab tshuaj ntsiab lus

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tus kws tshawb fawb Jens Jacob Berzelius nyob thiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Sweden. Nws lub neej, nws yog nkaus devoted mus rau tshuaj lom neeg kev tshawb fawb. Nws tau txais lub npe ntawm cov xib fwb ntawm chemistry nyob rau hauv lub koom haum kho mob-Kev Kho Mob, yog ib tug tub koom xeeb ntawm St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv. Nws yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Swedish Academy ntawm Sciences.

Jens Jakob Berzelius los ua thawj tus neeg tshawb nrhiav uas tau hais kom siv cov tsiaj ntawv rau lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj chemical. Nws lub tswv yim tau ntse tuaj thiab siv mus rau hnub no.

Lub discovery ntawm tshiab tshuaj ntsiab lus - cerium, selenium thiab thorium - merits Berzelius. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav txim siab txog pawg pob zeb loj ntawm qhov teeb meem tseem yog tus kws tshawb fawb. Nws tau tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab, txoj kev ntsuam xyuas, cov tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab kawm txog cov teeb meem.

Berzelius 'lub ntsiab tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub kev kawm yog kev piav qhia ntawm cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus tshuaj thiab cov ntsiab lus zoo li tsis sib luag, nrog rau kev tsim cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov cim cim.

Qhov chaw ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm evolution

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb txog Soviet, nws mob siab rau nws lub neej los tsim ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshiab - geochemistry. Ua ib tug kws tshawb fawb txog ntuj, kws tshawb fawb, kws tshawb fawb, thiab kev kawm txog biologist, Vladimir Ivanovich tsim ob txoj kev qhia tshiab - biogeochemistry thiab geochemistry.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm atoms nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no, uas tau txais tam sim ntawd pom tau tias tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky tau soj ntsuam tag nrho cov kev siv tshuaj ntawm Mendeleev thiab muab faib ua pawg ua ke rau kev koom tes hauv cov kab sau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab.

Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis muaj Vernadsky txoj kev ua si hauv ib qho twg: nws nyob hauv lub neej ib biologist, chemist, historian, thiab ib tus neeg kawm txog lub natural science. Qhov chaw ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm evolution tau txhais los ntawm tus kws tshawb txuj ci li influencing lub ntiaj teb surrounding, thiab tsis txuas nrog kev soj ntsuam yooj yim thiab xa mus rau cov cai ntawm cov xwm, raws li yav tas los ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb scientific.

Roj tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim muaj lub npog ntsej muag

Tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich ua tus founder ntawm petrochemistry thiab organic catalysis, tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv scientific.

Kawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov roj discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm synthesis ntawm hydrocarbons, tshua tsim alpha-amino acids - nws yog ib tug tsim nyog ntawm Nikolai Dmitrievich.

Xyoo 1915 tus kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ib daim npog ntsej muag rau roj. Lub sijhawm thaum muaj cov cua phem tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Asmesliskas thiab Cov Neeg Nyab Laj nyob rau thawj lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog, muaj ntau tus tub rog tuag nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua: tawm ntawm 12,000 tib neeg tsuas yog 2000 thiaj li tseem muaj sia nyob. Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich nrog tus kws tshawb fawb V.S. Sadikov tsim ib txoj kev rau cov nplaum tsho thiab muab tso rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim kom muaj lub npog roj. Tsheej lab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias tau cawm lub neej ntawm daim ntawv thov no.

Zelinsky tau txais peb lub sij hawm Lub Xeem Lub Xeem ntawm USSR thiab lwm yam khoom plig, lub npe ntawm Hero ntawm Socialist Labor thiab Honored Scientist, raug xaiv tsa ib tus neeg saib xyuas kev ywj pheej ntawm Moscow Society of Naturalists.

Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam chemical

Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilyevich yog ib tug paub zoo heev Lavxias teb sab. Nws pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev lag luam chemical hauv Russia, nrhiav tau naphthenes, tau tawm cov no: thiab cov kev tshawb fawb txog cov roj Caucasian.

Lub koom haum Lavxias Lavxias tebchaw tau tsim tseg hauv Lavxias xyoo 1868, ua tsaug rau tus kws tshawb fawb no. Nyob rau hauv nws lub neej nws tau txais kev kawm txuj ci, tau ua tus xib fwb ntawm fab tub ceev xwm ntawm chemistry. Nws tiv thaiv ob peb lub rooj sibtham, uas yog qhov tseemceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm science. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm theses tau tshawb fawb hauv thaj ntawm fatty acid isomerism, li zoo li tus cwj pwm ntawm atoms hauv cov tshuaj chemicals.

Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich raug xa mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug tub rog tsev kho mob. Nws tau ua tus saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab mob, nws kuj raug mob los ntawm tus kab mob ciaj. Nws raug ib qho mob loj heev, tab sis tsis tawm nws txoj hauj lwm. Tom qab 25 xyoo ntawm kev pabcuam, Markovnikov tau tawm hauv qhov kev pabcuam rau lwm 5 xyoo, vim nws qhov kev paub zoo txog nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm.

Nyob rau hauv Moscow University, Vladimir Vasilievich lectured nyob rau hauv cov kws qhia ntawv Physics thiab Mathematics, thiab hloov lub tuam tsev chairmanship rau xib fwb Zelinsky. Lub xeev ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb twb tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog tus tau txais daim ntawv suberon, cov cai rau kev khiav dej num ntawm kev tshua raws li ib qho kev cais thiab hloov (Morkovnikov cov cai), qhov discovery ntawm ib chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov organic compounds, naphthenes.

Kev sib cav ntawm cov roj thiab chemistry ntawm cement

Koj Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb Henri Louis le Chatelier tau los ua tus thawj discoverer hauv cheeb tsam ntawm chemistry hauv kev kawm txog combustion xyum, nrog rau kev kawm txog chemistry ntawm cement.

Kev siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kev tshua ntawm cov roj cua kuj yog qhov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kws tshawb fawb.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, uas yog ib txoj kab liab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sau ntawv ntawm Henri Louis le Chatelier, yog qhov zoo sib txuas ntawm scientific discoveries nrog cov teeb meem uas yog cov tshuaj pleev hauv kev lag luam. Nws phau ntawv "Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Lag Luam" yog nrov tam sim no nyob rau hauv scientific circles.

Tus kws tshawb fawb tau siv ntau lub sij hawm los tshawb xyuas cov kev cuam tshuam uas tshwm sim nrog kuv cov pa roj. Tag nrho cov dab uas yuav tshwm sim nrog roj - tiv cav tseb, combustion, av - twb kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej los ntawm Anri Lui thiab tib metallurgical thiab txoj kev tshiab tau npaj thermal engineering suav. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais kev pom zoo thiab koob npe tsis tau rau Fab Kis, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Quantum Chemistry

Tus founder ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm orbitals yog John Edward Lennard Jones. Tus neeg kawm lus Askiv no yog thawj tus kws kho mob hais tias cov electrons ntawm molecule yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw molecule xwb, tsis yog rau cov tib neeg lub cev.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev ua tshuaj muaj yees yog qhov zoo ntawm Lennard-John. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nws yog Dzhon Edvard Lennard Dzhons pib siv kev twb kev txuas nyob rau hauv cov kab kos ntawm lub electron theem ntawm molecules thiab cov coj ntau ntawm tus thawj atoms. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov adsorbent thiab cov adsorbate atom ua qhov kev tshawb fawb rau tus kws tshawb fawb. Nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ib tug hypothesis hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus, thiab muaj nplooj siab ntau tej hauj lwm mus rau lub pov thawj ntawm nws hypothesis. Thaum nws ua haujlwm nws tau tsa ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Royal Society of London.

Tshaj tawm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb

Feem ntau, Chemistry yog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab hloov khoom ntau yam, hloov lawv lub plhaub thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau tom qab pib qhov kev tshwm sim. Cov pov thawj ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau mob siab rau lawv lub neej rau txoj kev qhuab qhia no.

Chemistry tau txais kev txhawb nqa, ntes thiab ntxias nrog nws cov tsis paub, kev sib txuam zoo ntawm qhov tsis tuaj yeem nrog cov txiaj ntsim zoo kawg nkaus, uas tsis tau npaj txhij, los yog ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws xav tau, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm atoms, molecules, chemical elements, lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, lawv ua ke thiab ntau lwm yam kev sim, coj cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov tseem ceeb discoveries, ntawm cov uas peb siv hnub no.