Tsim, Secondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv
Cov pejxeem ntawm sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe. Qhia qhov tseemceeb txog ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam
Teb chaws Europe - ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Hemisphere thiab cov generator nrog cov teb chaws Asia av loj Eurasia. Nyob rau nws lub teb chaws yog teb pom tau hais tias 46 lub xeev thiab 5 unrecognized. Txoj kev cai uas mus faib cov teb chaws Europe ua plaub qhov chaw: East, West, North thiab South. Ib tug txheej txheem cej luam ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Eastern Europe thiab lub teb chaws uas tsim nws, yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm rau koj rau.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Eastern Europe
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe yog heev uas tau pab los ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm lub teeb. Keeb kwm, lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov teeb meem yog nyob lub hlws ris ntawm ob warring tog. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg 100 xyoo, cov ntaem ntawm cov European lub xeev tau hloov ob peb zaug. Ib txhia teb chaws muaj zoo, lwm leej lwm tus nyob. Tag nrho cov dab yog inevitably tshuav nti rau lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kev nom kev tswv.
Eastern European lub teb chaws muaj ib theem ntawm nyiaj txiag txoj kev loj hlob yog qis dua hais tias ntawm lawv cov western "cov neeg nyob ze." Txawm li cas los, raws li lub teb chaws yog yus ib theem siab ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev cai yog leej twg. Tus nab npawb ntawm Eastern Europe pejxeem ntawm 135 lab tus tib neeg.
Eastern Europe
Geographers ua ntej lub kab nkauj nraug Eastern thiab Western teb chaws Europe, nyob rau ciam teb ntawm lub Slavic lub xeev, yog li ranked li Eastern Europe, lub Slavs. Tab sis tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II, lub tebchaws United Nations convened ib tug tshiab frontier nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, raws li uas ib tug yog ib feem ntawm Eastern Europe muaj xws li 9 lub teb chaws thiab ib feem ntawm Russia.
Lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe:
- Ukraine.
- Poland.
- Czech koom pheej.
- Romania.
- Belarus.
- Hungary.
- Bulgaria.
- Slovakia.
- Moldova.
Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe koj twb paub lawm. Feem ntau ntawm cov inhabitants yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv Ukraine thiab Poland. Qhov nruab nrab ceev ntawm pejxeem nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe - 30 neeg uas tauj ib square kilometer.
Tom qab ob ntiaj teb rog, tag nrho cov teb chaws uas muaj npe saum toj no, ib txoj kev los sis lwm tuaj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub Soviet Union, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws tau ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm ib thaj tsam ntawm thaj av ntawd. Ntawm tag nrho cov xeev ntawm Eastern Europe yog tsuas yog peb tsis-Slavic - yog Romania, Hungary thiab Moldova.
Yuav luag tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm Eastern Europe muaj ib tug tsis txaus cov zaub mov, txawm hais tias hauv lub cheeb tsam raws li ib tug tag nrho yog tsis pluag kev pab. Lub fact tias muaj yog ib qho mob ceev yuav tsum tau "incompleteness" ntawm cov kev pab (nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws, loj stocks ntawm ib tug los yog ob tug ntawm cov mineral cov kev pab thiab muaj yog kiag li tsis muaj lwm yam). Tsis txhob muab coj qhov teeb meem no rau ib tug tseem ceeb nyiaj txiag heev heev transit kev uas kis los ntawm lub cheeb tsam, thiab ib tug active luam nruab nrab ntawm ob lub teb chaws.
Hais rau lawv tus kheej yog sib txawv heev los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv loj, pejxeem, txheej txheem ntawm nyob, ib puag ncig thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Tau ib tug ntshiab daim duab ntawm lub cheeb tsam, xav tias tsuas yog ib yam ntawm lawv, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua.
Czech koom pheej
Czech koom pheej - ib tug me me lub teb chaws nrog ib tug pej xeem ntawm 11 lab cov neeg (7% ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Eastern Europe). Tus xov tooj yog yuav luag unchanged nyob rau hauv yuav luag nees nkaum xyoo. Post-tsov rog ncov ntawm lub Czech koom pheej pejxeem mus txog nyob rau hauv 1991, thaum muaj ib tug khov kho poob rau hauv lub xov tooj.
Txij li thaum 2006, cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev yog maj zog, lom zem ntau vim migrants los ntawm lub qub Soviet Union. Nyob rau hauv lig 2008, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej raws li txoj cai nyob yuav luag 500 txhiab. Txawv teb chaws. Feem ntau ntawm lawv twb cov neeg tsiv teb los ntawm Ukraine (31%), Slovakia (17%), raws li zoo raws li teb chaws Poland, Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab Vietnam. Nyab laj (13%), Lavxias teb sab (6%), ncej (5%) thiab German (4%). Qhov seem 24% - lwm yam nationalities.
Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem - 70% - tub ntxhais hluas thiab paub tab cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog 25 mus txog 50 xyoo, 13% yog cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv 15 lub xyoos, tus so ntawm cov pejxeem - 16% - laus. Lub coefficient ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem tsim txom rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej yog 42,4%. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov xov tooj ntawm cov tau-bodied pej xeem yuav luag ob npaug ntawm cov neeg uas muaj, los yog tsis tau mus ua hauj lwm thiab txhawb lawv tus kheej ntawm nws tus kheej. Cov me nyuam mos liab load (tus piv ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv hnub nyoog 15 xyoos rau cov neeg laus pejxeem) sib npaug zos rau 19% ntawm cov nyiaj laus (tus piv ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm pensioners nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm-bodied pej xeem) - 23%.
National muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub Czech koom pheej ntawm 95% yog sawv cev los ntawm haiv neeg Czechs. Qhov no muaj xws li ncaj qha Czechs (81.3%), raws li zoo raws li cov neeg los ntawm Silesia thiab Moravia (13.7%).
Poland
Poland yog ib tug heev kev cai dab qhuas lub teb chaws, tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tab sis kuj thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Ntawm 39 lab cov neeg (uas yog 29% ntawm cov pejxeem, uas yog cov pej xeem ntawm Eastern Europe), 85% yog cov Roman Catholic. Ib yam li cov Czech koom pheej, Poland yog xav tau txaus nyiam heev rau tourists. Nyiam cov neeg mus tus nqi qis, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm medieval castles, thiab qab cuisine.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, Poland twb muaj cov lusteb economic poob, uas yuav cuam tshuam qhov zoo ntawm lub neej ntawm cov pejxeem. Txawm li cas los, tom qab pub ntxiv tshaj qhov United Nations thiab cov kho kom zoo nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub 90s, lub xeev pib ib tug sai ascent. Thaum lub caij teb chaws Poland yog ib tug ntawm cov pheej loj fastest lub teb chaws nyob teb chaws Europe. Nws attracts ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm neeg thoj nam ua hauj lwm los ntawm Ukraine.
Demographics ntawm Poland qub txij li thaum lub teb chaws tus accession mus rau lub European Union. Yog vim li cas yog lub loj tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov ua hauj lwm muaj hnub nyoog cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv qhov ntau tsim lub teb chaws (nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm) lub xeev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsis fertility tus nqi, muaj tau ib qho txhua xyoo poob nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem, tab sis yog me me (-0.06).
Raws li rau lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg, Poland yog ib qho ntawm feem mono-haiv neeg lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. 97% ntawm cov pejxeem xav txog lawv tus kheej Tug lwm haiv sawv cev Roma, Germans, Ukrainian thiab Belarusians.
Romania
Romania - muaj lub teb chaws nrog ib tug tsim kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub haum lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag, lub xeev ua rau cov roj (uas nyob ntawm no nyob rau hauv abundance) thiab high-zoo refinery khoom. Yuav luag 60% ntawm cov pejxeem - tau-bodied cov pej xeem. Ntawm no, 40% yog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam sector, 30% - nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, thiab tib lub nyob rau hauv lub muaj sector.
Ukraine
Ukraine - lub muaj-Agrarian lub teb chaws, qhov chaw uas cia li tshaj 40 lab inhabitants. Twentieth Century lub teb chaws tau ntsib nrog lub siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm pejxeem kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau lub zog ntawm nws feem nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej Thawj thiab Ob txhais ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog, tsov rog, lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union thiab cov nom tswv ntsoog, uas pib nyob rau hauv 2014, twb tsis tau tiav kom txog thaum tam sim no. Qhov teeb meem no nrog cov pejxeem tsis yog cov zoo tshaj plaws.
Hungary
Hungary - ib tug me me lub teb chaws nrog ib tug sai tsim kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub ntsiab kom pom tseeb xeev ua rau mechanical engineering thiab kev lag luam. Cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv 2013 yog 9 lab. Tus nab npawb ntawm cov pej xeem yog tsis tshee loj hlob, txawm hais tias muaj yog ib tug tsis zoo tej yam ntuj tso nce.
Fais fab mono-haiv neeg pejxeem yog sib txawv, vim hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov inhabitants yog Hungarians. Tseem ceeb xov tooj ntawm lub Hungarian zej zog nyob thiab nws cov neighboring lub teb chaws.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria - ib tug me me lub teb chaws nrog ib tug muaj zog khwv nyiaj txiag, cov pej xeem ntawm ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj 7 lab (5% ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Eastern Europe). Bulgaria kev khwv nyiaj txiag muaj tej ntau txaus ntshai lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd yog nyob rau hauv poob. Lub teb chaws muaj reserves ntawm thee thiab roj, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov kev pab yog heev scarce. Bulgaria ua ib tug zoo haum rau ua liaj ua teb (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haus luam yeeb thiab cawv txiv hmab).
Feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam nroog, Txawm hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm nroog cov neeg yav tas los loj hlob heev maj mam. Cov kev nyuaj siab loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov pej xeem ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam sector, ib tug me ntsis tsawg - nyob rau hauv tus muaj sector. Tsuas yog 10% ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv koom ua liaj ua teb.
Slovakia
Slovakia - ib tug me me lub teb chaws nrog ib tug neeg nyob ntawm tsuas 5 lab tus tib neeg (li 4% ntawm cov South-Eastern Europe pejxeem). Lub teb chaws pom tias tau kuj ntau tsim. Ruaj nqi ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev thaws rov los nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem - tej yam ntuj tso kev loj hlob npaum li cas nyob rau hauv 2016, rau piv txwv, li cas 5.2 txhiab tus neeg ..
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd , lub teb chaws sib txawv, thiab lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg: nyob rau hauv Slovakia rau ntau tshaj 15 cov cheeb tsam tsev nrog ib tug high school cov concentration ntawm lub Hungarian pej xeem, thiab Lavxias teb sab-hais lus pej xeem nyob tsuas yog nyob rau Prešov thaj av ntawd. Slovaks ua li 85% ntawm cov pejxeem, lwm haiv neeg pawg uas muaj los ntawm nationalities:
- Hungary (10%);
- Roma (2%);
- Czechs (0.8%);
- Lavxias teb sab thiab Ukrainian (0.6%);
- lwm haiv neeg (1.4%).
Moldova
Moldova - ib lub teb chaws nrog tus nqi qis tshaj xov tooj nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe. Raws li qhov tseeb kev kwv yees, yog lub tsev mus rau cia li tshaj 3 lab tus tib neeg. Nws yog tsuas 2% ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Eastern Europe. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no yog heev pejxeem ceev. Nws yog 131 cov neeg ib square kilometer. Qhov no yog cov neeg nyob coob ceev nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe.
Tus nab npawb ntawm cov pej xeem yog txo txij thaum lub nineties. Txawm tias, raws li statistics, 15 rau 12 yug tuag. Tus xov tooj ntawm cov neeg nyob ntawm Moldova txo vim tsiv teb tsaws - ntau cov pej xeem txiav txim siab mus sim lawv hmoov txawv teb chaws.
Cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog muaj zog heev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb nyob rau ua liaj ua teb, nyob qhov twg nws nyob ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem (65%). Minerals nyob rau hauv lub xeev muaj me ntsis, yog li ntawd cov kev pab yuav tsum tau muas mas nyob rau hauv neighboring lub teb chaws. Dua li ntawm qhov loj tus naj npawb ntawm attractions, tourism yog underdeveloped.
Belarus
Belarus - ib lub teb chaws ntawm nruab nrab loj nrog ib tug pej xeem ntawm 10 vam tus neeg. Fais fab kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev orientation. Qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau lub teeb kev lag luam, ua liaj ua teb thiab engineering.
Pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws tam sim no sawv ntawm 9.5 lab cov neeg. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov neeg tuag ntau dua cov kev yug me nyuam rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Belarus pejxeem tshee tsis yeem txij thaum 1993. Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem tau nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam nroog (67%), niaj hnub no no daim duab ntau txawm tias - 76%.
Qhov nruab nrab lub neej expectancy nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog 72 xyoo. Qhov no yog dog dig siab tshaj nyob rau hauv nyob sib ze zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab Ukraine, tab sis ntau npaum li cas qis tshaj nyob rau hauv European lub teb chaws.
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