Cov kab lus "Stolypin necktie": nws txhais tau tias?

Pyotr Stolypin yog ib tug statesman, ib tug zoo kawg reformer. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1862 nyob rau hauv Dresden thiab tuag nyob rau hauv Kiev nyob rau hauv 1911. Thaum ntau lub sij hawm, Stolypin muaj ntau yam txaus qhia. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib tug koog tsev kawm ntawv Marshal ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg Kovno thiab Grodno Saratov Governor, lub Prime Minister thiab lub Minister ntawm Internal txoj cai.

cov ntaub ntawv kawm vitae

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua Stolypin lub npe hu ua ib tug statesman thiab reformer. Heev tseem ceeb nws lub luag hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv cov hluav ntawm unrest nyob rau hauv 1905-1907. Nyob rau hauv 1906, Nicholas II, muab nws tus ncej ntawm kev txhawb pab ntawm Internal txoj cai. Tej lub sij hawm tom qab nws tau neej los ntawm cov tsoom fwv thiab lub xeev Duma ntawm cov thawj Convocation. Stolypin, nyob rau hauv lem, yog koomhaum prime minister. Los ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm tshiab, uas nws tuav kom txog rau thaum nws tuag, nws siv ib tug ob peb cov nuj nqis. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub sij hawm no yog cim raws li Agrarian kho kom zoo. Lub ntsiab ntsiab lus ntawm cov kho consisted nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ntiag tug tswv cuab ntawm thaj av ua teb. Lub saws txoj cai nyob rau tsev hais plaub-martial tau nruj rau txim rau loj teeb meem txhaum cai. Tom qab, Stolypin twb thuam rau lub rigidity. Cov lwm yam uas coj qhov chaw, Prime Minister, nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev cov kev taw qhia zemstvos rau lub sab hnub poob xeev, limiting tus autonomy ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Finland, lub xaus ntawm lub Ob txhais Duma, nyob rau hauv lub electoral kev cai lij choj hloov. Tag nrho cov kho tau pab mus rau cov hluav ntawm unrest nyob rau hauv 1905-1907. Nrog Peter Abramovich ua si khi ob nqe lus tau ua winged: "Stolypin necktie" thiab "Stolypin carriage". Cov ob kab zauv, raws li historians, blacken lub npe ntawm tus reformer. Cia peb kawm ntxiv dab tsi tshwm sim xws li ib lub tswv yim.

"Stolypin necktie"

Qhov no nrov qhia tas mus li tarnish tus poj Lavxias teb sab thawj coj lub npe. Peter Arkadevich distinguished los ntawm lawv oratorical txawj. Nws tsis yog cia li paub tseeb hais tias ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Duma. Nyob rau ib tug ntawm lawv, thiab ib qho kev qhia ntawm "Stolypin lub necktie". Lub xyoo nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim - 1907. Lub rooj sib tham tau nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis 17 (qub tsab xov xwm.). Tus neeg sau ntawm cov kab lus "Stolypin necktie" (yees duab reformer nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) - Fedor Rodichev. Qhov no nto moo cadet ces nce mus rau lub sam thiaj. Thaum pib ntawm nws kev hais lus tshwm sim los chim heev rau cov MPS. Ntxiv nws hais lus, Rodichev nce poob nws txoj kev npau taws. Thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug haum ntawm npau taws nws recalled lub expression "Muravyevsky dab tshos" Purishkevich. Nws yog hais txog cov dej num ntawm General Muravyov txuam nrog rau liquidation ntawm lub Polish uprising nyob rau hauv 1863. Raws li ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm lub rooj sib tham muaj nyob rau, ces Rodichev hais tias: "Yuav ua li cas tau raug hu ua Muravievskaya dab tshos yuav tom qab raug xa mus rau raws li" Stolypin lub necktie "defining uas tau muab Rodichev, lam xav txoj hlua rau lub gallows ..

cov tshuaj tiv thaiv deputies

Nyob rau ib cuab instantly flashed ib tug tshiab yoj ntawm kev npau taws. Deputies qhov txhia chaw qw hais tias kev phem kev tsis ncaj insult huab tais tus neeg sawv cev. Ces ib txhia ntawm lawv mus rau lub sam thiaj thiab sim mus yuam nws mus rub tawm Rodicheva. Deputies muaj ntau nom tswv views thiab cov tswvyim. Txawm li cas los, dua li no, tag nrho lawv qhia lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis zoo tus cwj pwm rau qhov teeb meem. Cadet thiab nws twb tau criticized los ntawm Purishkevich. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub Duma sib kho tau cuam tshuam. Thaum tus thawj quaj ntawm daj ntseg thiab agitated Stolypin nws tuaj tawm ntawm lub cuab. Chairman ntawm lub Duma Khomyakov thiab nom tswv ua raws li nws.

"Qhov teeb meem yog sab lim"

Stolypin, raws li ib tug nom, thaum lub sij hawm so muab lub ntsiab ib tug kev sib tw mus rau ib tug duel. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tau txais cov xov xwm Rodichev rushed mus rau Peter Arkadevichu thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob peb tim khawv apology hloov siab lees txim rau txoj kev txhaum. Stolypin zam txim rau cadet. Nyob rau qhov no qhov teeb meem tau hais. Cov xov xwm ntawm kev zam txim Rodicheva zoo nkauj sai sai mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub deputies, muaj coj nyob rau hauv txwv masses. Txawm li cas los, Raws li ua timkhawv pom, tom qab no qhov teeb meem, Stolypin tsis rov tuav tawm nws txhais tes Rodichev. Duma kom sai coj kev txiav txim. Rau nws cov kab lus "Stolypin necktie" Rodichev raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub 15 cov rooj sib tham.

"Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm lub reformer"

Qhov teeb meem yuav tseem yuav nyob ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los, lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg pib nyob kuv lub neej. Nrog rau kev mloog lus ntawm lub Bolsheviks, qhov qhia "Stolypin necktie" yog lub txim ntawm innocent neeg kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsev hais plaub-martial, uas tau muab txoj cai rau lub reformer. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov khoom nws sau txog Petre Arkadeviche li ib tug "thawj hangmen thiab pogrom-makers, npaj koj tus kheej rau ib tug ministerial post tsim txom peasants."

ntxiv keeb kwm

Undoubtedly, cov Bolsheviks yuav tsis zam txim rau Stolypin enactment ntawm martial tsev hais plaub, uas sim tua cov nplaim taws ntawm kev ntxeev siab, kom txhob muaj tus looting thiab ua nruj ua tsiv ntawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1905-1907. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kho kom zoo ncua lub qhov pib ntawm lub revolt ntawm 1917. Thaum Soviet hwj chim tswvyim hais ua dabneeg mus yuam kev los ntawm ib tug phau ntawv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub lwm yam. Cov kab lus "Stolypin necktie" nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub communist regime tau los ua ib tug shortcut. Nyob rau ntawm ib tug taw tes, Peter Abramovich tag nrho kho kom zoo kev ua si twb txo heev dua lwm yam rau no qhia. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov lus "khi Stolypin", ua tau, thiab tau dim mus no ib hnub.

tswv yim chaw xaiv tsa

Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb, yog ib lub kev tes hauj lwm ntawm lub txoos keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov kab lus "Stolypin necktie" paub xwb 22% ntawm cov neeg teb. 9% ntawm cov neeg teb xav tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no ntawm expressed indignation neeg kuj loj heev tsuj, txoj kev thiab cov tshev mis "kiv puag ncig" qhov chaw. 9% ntawm cov neeg teb qhia tus saib hais tias nws yog tus zam thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub khi, uas tau txi cov Stolypin. Yuav luag 49% ntawm cov neeg teb xav tias txoj kev reformer nruj lub noose on ntshai.

"Stolypin wagon"

Qhov no yog lwm tswvyim hais ua dabneeg, relentlessly nram qab no lub npe ntawm tus reformer. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov kev ua ub Stolypin muab tseem ceeb heev rau lub sab hnub tuaj ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Hais lus nyob rau hauv 1908, nyob rau lub peb hlis ntuj 31, lub xeev Duma ntawm lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv lub feasibility ntawm qhov kev siv nyob rau hauv lub Amur railway, nws hais tias Russia yog ib lub cim ntawm lub ob tug taws dav dawb hau. Nws zoo nkaus li zoo rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob. Sib nrug los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib leeg-domed noog yog tseem muaj zog, Stolypin, txawm li cas los, taw tes kom paub tias, yog txiav tawm ib lub taub hau, lub ob tug taws dav dawb hau tsis muaj zog, nws cia li lub qhov. Nrog rau lub ntsiab tswj teb chaws cov kev tswj thiab ua liaj ua teb Krivoshein, Peter Abramovich nyob rau hauv 1910, nws ua ib tug soj ntsuam mus txawv tebchaws los cov Volga cheeb tsam thiab Western Siberia.

Txoj cai reformer

Kev ua ub no nrog kev hwm rau Siberia Stolypin yog los txhawb kom tsiv teb tsaws rau nws lub teb chaws free of peasants ntawm European cheeb tsam. Txoj cai no yog ib feem ntawm lub Agrarian kho kom zoo. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv Siberia, tsiv ze li ntawm 3 million tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub Altai cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub kho nws tau tshaj li 3400 lub koom. Lawv tsawm ntau tshaj 600 000 cov neeg, uas lees paub txog 22% ntawm lub inhabitants ntawm tag nrho cov koog tsev kawm ntawv. Neeg pluag settlers nkag mus rau hauv kev txog ntawm 3.4 million dessiatines ntawm thaj av tas.

tsheb thauj mus los teb

Nyob rau hauv 1910, tshwj xeeb tsheb tau ua rau lub settlers. Lawv differed ntawm lub niaj zaus. Qhov txawv yog hais tias ib feem ntawm lub carriage nyob rau tag nrho cov dav tau xov laj kab ncig tawm. Nws twb npaj rau lub carriage ntawm cov neeg pluag Tshuag thiab nyuj. Tom qab ntawd, nrog lub advent ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, sob tau muab tso rau hauv lub compositions ntawm qhov rais. Cov phab xis tau siv los forcibly xa cams thiab lwm yam "anti-revolutionary ntsiab" nyob rau hauv Central Asia thiab Siberia.

lub tswv yim Solzhenitsyn

Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Lub gulag Archipelago," tus sau piav qhia txog lub keeb kwm ntawm xws tsheb. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias Solzhenitsyn - ib tug kiv cua ntawm Stolypin. Tiv thaiv reformer, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv, nws sim dispel uas twb muaj lawm myths xwb txog lub npe ntawm Peter Abramovich. Raws li ib tug hloov rau cov kab lus "Stolypin" tus sau npaj ib tug "Stalinist" tsheb. Yog li, muaj ib tug misinterpretation ntawm lub zoo intentions ntawm Reformers. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias Stolypin yuav duel Rodicheva rau thuam ces nres lub lies nws yog tsis nyob rau hauv kev quab yuam.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Contemporaries, hais lus ntawm Stolypin, nrog tshwj xeeb hwm tham txog nws ntshai. Nyob rau reformer twb npaj, thiab rau tag nrho cov cov kev ua ub kaum ib assassinated. Qhov kawg ib coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Kiev. Lub reformer raug rho tawm haujlwm Dmitry Bagrov. Thaum lub sij hawm no los, Stolypin twb mortally raug mob. Ob peb hnub tom qab, Petus Abramovich tuag. Kev ua ub no Stolypin yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Nws kho muaj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj. Muaj ntau nqe lus Stolypin hais rau lawv nyob rau cov rooj sib tham ntawm lub Duma, los ua tis.