Cloisonne: tus tswv hauv chav kawm ntawv. Txheej txheem cloisonne

Nto moo Hypation Chronicle coj peb cov dab neeg uas cov wondrous tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Jewelers, dai lawv cov khoom txha hniav laus - nyob tus yeees ntawm cov solidified tom qab tua kob vitreous hmoov thiab achieves ib tug extraordinary nrig txog kev pom cov nyhuv. Qhov no technology tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Byzantium, uas nyob rau hauv lub VI caug xyoo. Niaj hnub no ancient lo lus txha hniav laus yog tau ncaim tawm ntawm kev, hloov los ntawm lub sij hawm yog siv niaj hnub no - kos duab enamel.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov hniav txha hniav laus?

Ua ntej peb yuav pib sib tham txog dab tsi yog qhov artistic cov txheej txheem, dubbed "cloisonne" nyob rau qhov kev piav qhia ntawm no muaj pes tsawg leeg, siv los ntawm Jewelers thiab masters ntawm arts and crafts. Raws li hais saum toj no, enamel - ib tug hmoov tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo dawb lias vitreous daim hlau.

Wetted nrog dej thiab muab mus rau hauv ib tug khoom malleable loj, muaj pes tsawg leeg yog thov mus rau lub cell ua nyob rau saum npoo ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog ci. Nws yog nqa tawm yog nyob rau hauv ib tug cub tawg los yog ib tug tshwj xeeb roj los yog ib tug roj burner. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab kub (los ntawm 700 mus 900 ° C) lub vitreous loj hardens thiab yuav siv sij hawm ib tug tshwj xeeb cov tsos.

Ua hauj lwm nrog txha hniav laus

Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub crushed vitreous loj, kub thiab ntev ntawm firing, uas ua rau txheej hniav tej zaum yuav muaj cov zaubmov ntawm transparency, los yog yuav kiag li opaque - lag ntseg. Qhov no yuav qhib lub tswv tswv yim muaj peev xwm raws li nws tso cai rau koj mus cuag ib tug ntau yam los ntawm.

Spectrum hom kev kawm ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm no zoo heev, nplua nuj, thiab yog ib tug ntawm lawv yog cloisonne. Jewellery ua nrog nws siv, yog tsis muaj dav thiab pom tau hais tias cov neeg tseem ceeb. Yog vim li cas cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub complexity ntawm lawv siv thiab ua thiab cov impossibility ntawm cov mechanization ntawm lub ntau lawm txheej txheem. Txhua yam yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev ua hauj lwm ntawm authorship. Yog hais tias peb tseem xav txog hais tias lub feem ntau siv zoo zoo nkauj tshooj, nws yuav ntshiab lawv cov qib high nqi thiab tsawg muaj.

Raws li yog tsim cloisonne

Nyob rau hauv thawj Piv txwv li ib tug kub, silver los yog npib tsib xee nyiaj (tsawg tooj liab los yog hlau) nto, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, engraved, thiab tej zaum nws yog txiav los ntawm lub voj neej yav tom ntej daim duab. Ces tus npoo yog soldered hlau partitions uas nws thickness tsis tshua tshaj ib millimeter. Cov phab ntsa, uas tau muab lub npe ntawm tus piav hom txha hniav laus kos duab daim ntawv ob qho tag nrho kaw thiab qhib hlwb, uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog rau ntau cov kua thiab khov kob loj.

Ib zaug hauv lub firing txheej txheem, tus txha hniav laus solidifies, ua sib tsoo thiab polishing khoom. Qhov no yog ua li cas thiaj li tias lub saum npoo ntawm tus txha hniav laus phab ntsa thiab tsim ib tug dav hlau. Txheej txheem cloisonne considerably nyuab los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub firing khoom txheej shrinks thiab yuav txo partitions. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub hlwb muaj rau recharge thiab re-ci cov khoom. Nyob ntawm seb ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev yam thiab lub tswv yim zoo tsim ntawm tus sau, cov firing yuav tau rov qab los ntawm tsib mus rau ib puas lub sij hawm.

Cim khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsis muaj peev xwm los txhawb cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau tus txha hniav laus sov siab, ua lub originality thiab uniqueness ntawm txhua yam khoom. Ob zaug mus cuag cov nyhuv tib yam yog luag tsis yooj yim sua, li ntawd, txhua yam khoom ua nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no yog nws.

Cloisonne txha hniav laus tsis yog technology nyob rau hauv lub arts and crafts. Nrog rau nws yog dav siv thiaj li hu ua sab slopes. Los ntawm ib tug muab faib, nws txawv nyob rau hauv uas lub vitreous muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsis muaj hlwb tsim soldered partitions thiab qhia tshwj xeeb uas ua si nraum zoov, tus duab uas ntais ntawv cov kab ntawm cov duab. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub raug jewellery rau lub hom phiaj no feem ntau yog ua ntawv thov los yog ntaus thwj teb los ntawm casting. Nyob rau hauv tib kev lag luam nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov neeg siv cov khoom siv thiab imitation cloisonne.

Cov nyhuv ntawm tsuas iav qhov rais

Cloisonne muaj lwm yam. Nws yog hu ua tsuas iav qhov rais los yog enamel. Cov txheej txheem no yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws tsis siv hlau puag. Lub npe uas nws tau txais vim lub fact tias cov khoom no yog ua los raws li nyob rau hauv nws zoo li tsuas iav qhov rais txhais li cas. Lawv yog cov kiag li pob tshab, thiab lub teeb tob tob los ntawm cov vitreous loj, tsim lub illusion ntawm cov xim tsuas iav, nrog rau hauv lub hlau.

Cov khoom siv los ntawm cov txheej txheem no, tsis tshua muaj zoo nkauj. Cov hlau ncej sau txha hniav laus zoo li ib tug zoo lace ua los ntawm kub, silver los yog tooj liab. Nws yog tsim los ntawm txiav tawm los yog mount thiab tom ntej soldering ntawm qhov chaw ua los ntawm tshwj xeeb cov los ntawm cov hlau. Dawb lias enamel, sau qhov khoob ntawm cov partitions, ua ib qho kev indescribable ua si ntawm lub teeb.

Kwvhuam Suav txha hniav laus

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm arts and crafts ntawm Tuam Tshoj occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw enamel. Cloisonne, hu ua klauzane, twb tsis invented los ntawm Suav lawv tus kheej, thiab tuaj mus rau lawv los ntawm Fabkis, tab sis yog zoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, vim lub zos thiab lub teb chaws sawv. Los ntawm nws cov thawj qhov chaw no mas tau txais lub npe, muab los ntawm Fabkis lo lus warped Cloison - "muab faib." Ua ntej mus xyuas Tuam Tshoj no hom ntawm txha hniav laus hom kev kawm siv muaj nws shearer kev xaiv.

Nyob rau hauv lub Palace Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Beijing nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshaaj tej hauj lwm uas kawm askiv thiab crafts, cov uas tseem ceeb rau Suav enamel. Cloisonne sawv cev mas cov khoom XV xyoo pua lub sij hawm Syuande thiab Tszintao. Nws yog tsis muaj coincidence, txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Ming Dynasty, uas sawv daws khoom ib mus rau lub hais rulers, xam tau tias yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub loj tshaj flourishing ntawm cov kawm Askiv. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws tus kheej technology, raws li zoo raws li borrowed nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, Suav masters nrog txawv tshaj plaw tswv yim koob hmoov rooj thiab pem teb vases, khob, khoom qab zib thiab ntau yam ntawm lub teeb.

Piav txha hniav laus los ntawm Georgia

Tshwj xeeb yawm los ntawm lolus thiab kos duab lovers kuj nyiam tus Georgian cloisonné enamel. Nws earliest paub piv txwv mus rau lub IX xyoo pua, Ntxiv, lawv tau ua nrog cov tib technology uas yog siv niaj hnub no. Georgian Art, uas nta ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw thiab inexhaustible zog, embodied lub ntau European thiab Oriental lig kev cai. Uas yog vim li cas nws yog li ntawd organically nkag mus hauv cloisonné txha hniav laus txheej txheem uas tuaj mus rau cov qhov chaw ntawm Western teb chaws Europe. Ntawm no nws twb tsis tau tsuas yog mastered, tab sis tau tsim ntxiv, ua tsaug rau uas muaj ntau masterpieces ntawm Georgian lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv.

Txha hniav laus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yav dhau los thiab niaj hnub no

Nws yog lub npe hu tias tus tswv cloisonne yav dhau los centuries siv los mus muab tau cov kev kawm muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lawv txawv Cheebtsam tshaj lawv niaj hnub successors. Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov laus daim ntawv qhia tau hais tias rau qhov kev npaj ntawm enamels yuav tsum tau ib feem ntawm ntshiab quartz xuab zeb, ib feem ntawm boric acid thiab ob qhov chaw ntawm liab lead. Yuav kom impart cov yam xim muaj pes tsawg leeg siv ntau pigments nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cadmium oxide, cobalt los yog tooj liab.

Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua txha hniav laus txheej txheem tau ploj mus tshaj nws cov tsoos siv thiab kuj arts and crafts, nws pib mus rau yuav siv tau txog qhov twg koj xav tau los ua ib tug check thiab sib resistant nto. Muaj kev enamel. Raws li, qhov kev hloov thiab kev npaj technology.

Cloisonne: Master chav kawm ntawv

Thaum lub kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm peb tuaj ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws account ntawm yuav ua li cas los tsim panels nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm septal enamel. Qhov no tshwj xeeb kev uas yuav cia txhua leej txhua tus uas xav ua tiag lawv txhais tes nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm tej hauj lwm uas kawm askiv thiab crafts.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum coj ib tug haum loj thiab thickness ntawm cov tooj liab phaj, thiab anneal nws kom txog thaum lub xim liab, thiab ces dej txias. Qhov no yuav muab muag khoom thiab yuav tiv thaiv tau cov deformation raws li qhov ntxiv firing tus txha hniav laus nws tus kheej. Tom qab no, lub phaj yog wiped thiab ua tib zoo ntxuav nrog ntwav txhuam ntoo. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob tau ib txig du nto, txij li thaum lub teeb yuav ua rau kom ib tug zoo dua qhov chaw roughness ntawm cov hlau compound nrog enamel.

Los ntawm kev thov ib tug qauv rau nruab baffles

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej - thov mus rau lub qauv phaj. Qhov no yuav tsum yog ib tug ntiag tug muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab kis los ntawm cov phau ntawv siv tracing ntawv thiab luam ntawv. Yuav kom ib tug ntshiab daim duab yog tshaj, tus phaj yuav pre-coated dawb gouache. Thaum ntawm daim duab yog qhia, nws yuav tsum tau incised nrog ib tug hlau scriber siv nyob rau hauv cov kav dej hauj lwm. Tom qab no, lub phaj yog kom huv si ntxuav thiab dua calcined nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub.

Pom zoo rau manufacturing partitions tooj liab hlau nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm txog 0.8 millimeter. Nws dhau los ntawm ib tug zeb los yog cia li flattened nrog ib tug rauj. Cov uas ua sawb yog glued mus rau ib tug phaj ntug, raws nraim rov qab ua dua qauv kab. No ua hauj lwm, feem ntau yog ib tug dej lo BF-6.

Thov txha hniav laus thiab firing

Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm txha hniav laus vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum tau thov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov loj. Ntawm kev muag khoom yog nws variations nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm kub los yog nyiaj li hais, uas muab cov khoom kim kim thiab sophisticated saib. Lub hmoov yog diluted nrog dej thiab lub resulting loj sau qhov khoob ntawm cov baffles. Rau lub hom phiaj no nws yog yooj yim siv ib tug trowel thiab txhuam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lub txheej ntawm txha hniav laus yog tusyees nteg tiaj siab partitions.

Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no theem yuav yuav tsum tau ib tug kom qhuav cub. Nyob rau hauv cov khoom nws yog ziab rau ib tug kub ntawm 60 ° C rau kom txog thaum lub sib tov ntawm txha hniav laus kiag qhuav dej. Thaum kawm tiav ntawm tus txheej txheem no rau ib tug cov nyiaj them yug phaj ntawm lub tshav kub tsis kam steel muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug muffle cub tawg thiab ua firing. Yog hais tias nws yog ua tau rau tswj qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg, nws yog ntshaw kom coj nws mus rau 850 ° C, yog hais tias tsis, lub cua sov yuav tsum muaj mus txog rau cov khoom kom txog rau thaum qhov chaw yog glossy.

Cov theem kawg ntawm kev ua hauj lwm

Tom qab kev pom zoo hais tias cov tua no tiav lawm, lub phaj muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub cub tawg los ntawm txoj kev ntev ncais, thiab pw rau ntawm hlau nto, yog pressed ca thiab tus sab saum toj load, uas hnyav yuav tsum tau yam tsawg kawg kaum kilograms. Raws li xws li, cov khoom cools. Ces tus load yog muab tshem tawm thiab koob ntaub ntawv trimming khoom irregularities thiab descaling.

Cloisonné txha hniav laus - tsis yog ib qho yooj yim txheej txheem, thiab cov thawj lub sij hawm lub tswv yim zoo ntawm ib yam khoom tej zaum yuav unsatisfactory. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tau ntxiv tus yuav tsum tau npaum li cas txha hniav laus hlwb thiab rov tua, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tsis muaj ntau tshaj plaub lub sij hawm, vim qhov no hom ntawm txha hniav laus yog bleached nrog ib tug loj pes tsawg tus.