Npalu Spinoza (1632-1677) - nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej Benedict Spinoza - lub feem ntau zoo ua luaj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm niaj hnub philosophy, nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands. Muab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus Enlightenment, niaj hnub biblical thuam thiab lub tswvyim ntawm "Kuv", yuav pom tau tias tus loj tshaj rationalist Benedikt Spinoza XVII caug xyoo.
"Ethics", yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub thinker, nyob rau hauv uas nws txoj kev sib tw rau hauv lub views ntawm Descartes 'dualism ntawm lub siab thiab lub cev, lub philosopher coj paub los ntawm cov feem ntau haib minds ntawm Western philosophy. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog ib qho undeniable masterpiece, uas tau raug tsis pom zoo los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm medieval tej hauj lwm. Hegel hais txog cov contemporaries hais tias lawv yuav kam lees txais hais tias postulates ib tug philosophy ntawm Spinoza, los yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov philosophers. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws tej hauj lwm Thinker pom zoo kawg li scientific txuj ci, breadth thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev ua ub tau raug soj ntsuam tsuas yog tom qab lub philosopher tuag.
Benedict Spinoza. "Ethics" thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tej yam khoom uas
Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau tib neeg sciences, cov philosopher twb tiag fascinated los ntawm kev kawm txog zauv. Tsis ceeb, nws nto moo ua hauj lwm, nws ua rau tej ntsiab cai ntawm geometry, raws li nws yog suav tias yog ib qhov chaw ntawm kev kawm ua lej ntawm cov pov thawj uas, nyob rau hauv lem, kos kev xaus credible. Thaum pib ntawm txhua feem ntawm lub treatise yog cov tswv yim, thiab lawv ua raws li los ntawm axioms - tus kheej-tsheev nqe lus uas tsis yuav tsum tau tej neeg ncajncees. Lwm yam lus thiab cov lus, uas yog lub ntsiab philosophy ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim thiab axioms thiab txhaum nyob rau hauv kev siv lub pov thawj uas ua rau yus Spinoza.
"Ethics" pib piav qhia cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm Vajtswv thiab lub ntug - thiab qhov no yog ib qho ntawm nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw. Feeb ntau, nws twb ntseeg tau hais tias Vajtswv yog sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no hais tias nws tsim nws rau tej vim li cas, thiab hais tias, yog koj nyiam yuav tsim ib yam dab tsi txawv - txhua tus ntawm cov lus sib liam refuted. "Vajtswv yog xwm," - hais tias Spinoza. Nws philosophy rau qhov teeb meem no cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias tag nrho cov ntawm dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb yog uniform thiab infinite yeeb tshuaj, uas yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub tswv yim thiab creation. Yog li, cov muaj tswv yim tshuaj yog Vajtswv, thiab tag nrho lwm yam khoom thiab creatures - nws "hom", lub tsim tshuaj. Kuj tsis paub meej hom yog tiv thaiv nkaus nyob rau nws ua - Vajtswv, uas yog lawv puab essence.
Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj yog tsis muaj caij nyoog, xaus Spinoza. "Ethics" postulates hais tias lub caij nyoog tsuas yog ib tug sawv cev ntawm cov kev kawm thiab tej yam khoom yam ntxwv - ib tug puab tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej. Philosopher yog ib tug supporter ntawm hard determinism: tag nrho cov txheej xwm muaj ib tug ua, txawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm txawv. Yog li, Spinoza sib cav hais tias lub creation ntawm lub ntug twb tau tsa thiab tsis yog ib tug ua los ntawm kev siab nyiam. Txawm li cas los, cov philosopher xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv. Nws yog tseeb tias misconceptions txog qhov uas Vajtswv - ignorance, thiab txojkev ntseeg tseeb yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm morality thiab kev txawj ntse, zoo li scientific.