Petersburg Academy of Arts: keeb kwm, founders, kev kawm ntawv

Cov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm ib qho ntawm lub St. Petersburg embankments yog lub tsev, uas yog guarded los ntawm ob so sphinx, coj ib zaug los ntawm lub nyob deb tim lyiv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv nws yog muab tso rau Petersburg Academy of Arts, hu ua hnub no los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Painting, puab thiab Architecture. Nws yog suav hais tias yuav tsum yog tus menyuam txaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab, muaj ib tug zoo heev lub koob npe nrov thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov me nyuam yug ntawm tus Academy

Academy ntawm Fine Arts nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg twb nrhiav tau los ntawm tus nyiam ntawm lub Empress Elizabeth, ib tug muaj koob Lavxias teb sab statesman thiab patron ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Diam duab depicting nws bust nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Nws tau koom uas tsis tshua muaj kev txhua lub sij hawm, rau hauv qeb ntawm cov neeg uas sim siv nws siab txoj hauj lwm thiab muaj nyiaj mus rau cov kev pab ntawm Russia. Ua nyob rau hauv 1755 tus tsim ntawm lub Moscow University, hnav nta University lub npe, ob lub xyoos tom qab, nws coj cov teg num los tsim ib qho kev kawm lub tsev tsim los qhia ntxias nyob rau hauv mainstream kos duab.

Petersburg Academy of Arts, uas yog nyob rau chiv nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub tsev nyob rau Sadovaya Street, pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1758. Feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj no yog muab los ntawm cov nyiaj pab Shuvalov li lub txhab nyiaj rau nws cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus nyiaj tau tau faib. Ib tug dav philanthropist, tsis tsuas yog rau kev nyiaj kom los ntawm txawv teb chaws, qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov xib fwb, tab sis kuj tseem tau nthuav lub Academy nws tsim ib tug sau ntawm paintings teej tug mus rau nws, muab li thaum pib ntawm lub creation ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Tus thawj rector ntawm lub Academy

Los ntawm cov sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm lub lag luam cov Academy of Arts, raws li zoo raws li qhov kev siv ntawm nws tam sim no lub tsev txuam nrog rau lub npe ntawm lwm tus neeg uas tshuav ib tug tseem ceeb cim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo heev Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Tsim nyob rau hauv nrog cov xibfwb JB Vallenom M. de la Mothe tsev project, nyob rau hauv uas Academy tsiv los ntawm Shuvalov lub tsev loj, nws coj nws nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj coj, ces cov xibfwb thiab rector. Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev tuag tau muab nce mus rau ib qho ntawm ntau legends ntawm St. Petersburg, lub npe hu ua lub "Phantom ntawm lub Academy ntawm Fine Arts." Lub fact tias cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub sia Rector ntawm lub Academy, tuag tsis yog raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov dej tus kab mob, raws li tau hais nyob rau hauv lub official zaj lus txog tus neeg tuag, thiab muab dai rau hauv nws lub nthab.

Qhov ua tau ua ntawm yus tua yus yog hu ua ob tug. Raws li ib tug version, vim li cas yog lub unsubstantiated nqi ntawm embezzling lub xeev-muaj cuab tam, uas yog kev noj nyiaj txiag. Vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws suav hais tias ntau kev txaj muag thiab disgrace, thiab acquitted Alexander Filippovich ua tsis tau tejyam, nws tau xaiv los ua tuag. Nyob rau hauv lwm version ntawm lub impetus rau cov kauj ruam no tau txais kev pab lus txwv uas nws tau txais los ntawm lub Empress Catherine II, mus xyuas lub tsev ntawm cov academy thiab tau qias neeg tiab nyob freshly pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa. Txij li thaum ces nws hais tias yus tua yus da dej tsis tau repose Vyshny ntiaj teb no, ibtxhi mus ib txhis mus laij nws tsim ib zaug rau hauv lub phab ntsa. Nws portrait yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Cov poj niam nyob rau hauv lub Academy lub keeb kwm

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Catherine tus thawj poj niam academician ntawm lub Petersburg Academy of Arts. Nws los ua ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub Fabkis sculptor Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, tsim ua ke nrog nws tus kws qhia ntawv, tus naas ej "Bronze Horseman". Nws yog nws leej twg ua tus huab tais lub taub hau, uas ua ib tug ntawm nws zoo tshaj plaws sculptural portraits.

Admiring nws ua hauj lwm Empress kom taw Collot lub neej nyiaj laus thiab cob xws li ib tug siab plaws. Meanwhile, cov ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov niaj hnub soj ntsuam yog lub tswv yim hais tias, tsis tooj mus rau tsim version ntawm Marie-Anna Kollo - poj niam academician ntawm lub Petersburg Academy of Arts, yog tus sau ntawm tsis tsuas yog lub taub hau, "Lub Bronze Horseman", tab sis rau tag nrho cov daim duab ntawm tus huab tais, thaum nws tus xib fwb carved ib tug nees. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis detract los ntawm nws muaj nqis.

Nyob rau hauv dhau, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias siab thiab saib xyuas title khwv tau nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, lwm artist, uas los ntawm Fabkis thiab yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws portrait painters ntawm nws lub sij hawm - Vigee Lebrun. Academician ntawm lub Petersburg Academy of Arts - lub npe, uas yog muab tsuas mus kawm tiav. Lebrun kuj tau txais tsis muaj tsawg grand title ntawm mus saib xyuas associate ntawm freestyle, uas twb muab tsub thaum lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntxias uas kawm ntawv txawv teb chaws.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev kawm tau txais nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua

Petersburg Academy of Arts txij li thaum nws inception tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Hais txog hais tias, yuav ua li cas loj twb muab tso nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tej zaum yuav qhia qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo, lub kev kawm ntawd kub ntev li rau kaum tsib lub xyoos, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws kawm tiav raug xa mus nyob rau ntawm lub pej xeem cov nyiaj them rau ib tug internship txawv teb chaws. Ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kos duab, kawm nyob rau kev kawm tau nrag, kos, duab puab thiab architecture.

Tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, uas yog qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv nrog rau cov Academy of Arts, twb muab faib ua tsib chav kawm ntawv, los yog khej, ntawm uas cov plaub thiab tsib yog cov qis tshaj thiab raug hu ua kev kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Lawv tau txais cov tub hluas uas tau mus txog tsib-rau xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog, qhov uas lawv kawm los nyeem thiab kawm kom tau yooj yim kev txawj ntse, koom nyob rau hauv painting ornaments thiab luam npaj txhij dluab. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov ob txoj kev kawm ntawd kub ntev li rau peb lub xyoo ntawm thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li, cov kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm ntawd kub ntev li rau xyoo.

Sections los ntawm peb lub mus rau tus thawj twb ntau dua, lawv raug xam tias yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Academy of Arts. Lawv yog cov me nyuam kawm ntawv, yav tas los kawm ua ib pawg, muab faib mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv raws li yav tom ntej specialization - painting, engraving, puab los yog architecture. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov peb siab seem kawm rau peb lub xyoos, ua tau ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub Academy kev kawm ntawd kub ntev li cuaj xyoo, thiab nrog rau xyoo siv nyob rau hauv ib qho kev kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws yog kaum tsib xyoos. Tsuas yog ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, tom qab 1843 kaw kev kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev cob qhia lub sij hawm yog ho poob.

lwm yam disciplines

Academy ntawm Fine Arts nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau cov qauv ntawm zoo xws li cov European tsev nws tso tawm los ntawm nws cov phab ntsa xwb tsis paub kawm tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm cov kos duab, tab sis kuj lug kawm ntawv cov neeg. Sib nrug los ntawm qhov yooj yim disciplines nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm kuj muaj lwm hom lus, keeb kwm, geography, mythology thiab txawm astronomy.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab xyoo pua

Petersburg Academy of Arts nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau txais nws cov kev loj hlob ntxiv. Leej twg coj nws muaj nplua nwj Lavxias teb sab patron suav Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov muaj ib tug series ntawm kho, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub restoration tau tsim thiab puav pheej chav kawm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li tej yam tej yam kev mob yog mus nyob hauv lub fortress kev kawm. Ib qho tseem ceeb theem nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Academy ntawm lub sij hawm yog tus thawj ntawm nws hloov lwm lub tsev mus rau lub Ministry ntawm National Education, thiab ces - qhov Ministry ntawm lub Imperial tsev hais plaub. Qhov no tau zoo heev pab rau muab ntxiv cov nyiaj pab thiab tso cai ntau kawm tiav mus txawv teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm classicism

Yuav luag thoob plaws hauv lub XIX xyoo pua lub xwb artistic style, paub los ntawm lub academy, yog Classicism. Nyob rau hauv ua ntej ntawm kev qhia nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb zoo heev los ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua hierarchy ntawm lwm yam - txais yuav los ntawm lub Paris Academy ntawm Fine Arts ntawm lub system ntawm kev faib ntawm lwm yam ntawm fine arts raws li lawv qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog ib tug keeb kwm painting. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai muaj txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog rau qhov no, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum tau pleev xim rau tej yam los ntawm Vajtswv Txojlus los yog los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient sau phau ntawv - .. Homer, Ovid, Theocritus, etc. Laus Lavxias teb sab ntsiab tseem tso cai, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm cov keeb kwm tej hauj lwm Lomonosov thiab Shcherbatov thiab thiab Synopsys - ib tug sau ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm lub ancient chroniclers. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm classicism, uas tshaj tawm txoj St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts, inevitably txwv creativity ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, yuam nws mus rau hauv lub vos confines ntawm moribund dogmas.

Ntxias rebels tau yeeb koob Lavxias teb sab kos duab

Lub gradual liberation ntawm tus tsim canons pib nrog lub fact tias nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1863 lub 14 feem ntau gifted menyuam kawm ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov nyob rau hauv lub contest rau lub kub puav pheej, tsis kam mus rau xim lawv nyob rau ib tug muab zajlus ntawm Norse mythology, xav tau txoj cai xaiv lub npe. Muaj tau tsis kam, lawv demonstratively sab laug lub academy, cov zej zog, uas ua lub hauv paus rau ib tug tom qab nto moo Association ntawm Travelling Art Miv. Qhov kev tshwm sim mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab raws li ib tug revolt ntawm kaum plaub.

Qub tub ntxhais kawm thiab academicians ntawm lub St. Petersburg Academy of Arts tau tej nto moo painters li MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, VD Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv tib ua tsis taus pa nrog lawv yuav tsum tau hais, thiab ib tug galaxy ntawm ci ntsa iab cov xib fwb, cov lawv V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi thiab I. E. Repin.

Academy nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX

Petersburg Academy of Arts txuas ntxiv cov kev ua ub mus txog rau lub kaum hli ntuj 1917 coup d'état. Tsis pub dhau rau lub hlis tom qab lub Bolsheviks tuaj rau lub hwj chim kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub CPC nws twb abolished, thiab nws puag tau teem thiab tsis tseg hloov lawv cov npe mus rau ntau yam kev kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv, tsim los npaj cov tshiab masters ntawm socialist kos duab. Nyob rau hauv 1944, nws tau muab tso rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Painting, puab thiab Architecture lub npe hu ua tom qab I. E. Repina, uas nws ris rau hnub no. Lawv tus kheej lub founders ntawm lub Academy of Arts - Chamberlain ntawm lub Imperial Court I. I. Shuvalov thiab koj Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse A. F. Kokorinov, mus ib txhis nkag mus hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab.