Ancient Rus: crafts, lawv hom, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm

Cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm communal-pab pawg neeg kev sib raug zoo thiab cov emergence ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb nqaim sectors - hais tias cov kev hloov yog yus nyob rau hauv lub yim thiab cuaj centuries Ancient Rus. Crafts muab sawv rau lub zos, nkauj nraug cov pejxeem los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm rau hauv av. Qhov no yog vim lub advent ntawm thawj tshwj xeeb - masters nyob rau hauv tej hom khoom siv tes ua, uas yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg zov me nyuam - lub zos.

Lub zos - Khoom siv tes ua Centers

Peb sim mus tsim lub nroog thiaj li hais tias nws cov thaj txoj hauj lwm tso cai rau ob lub lag luam yuav ua tau zoo dua thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntse tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw uas ob tug dej ntws, los yog ib ncig ntawm lub toj. Nyob rau hauv lub zos, hais thiab ua hauj lwm. Yog li ntawd, lawv zoo tiv thaiv. Maj mam, nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm crafts, lub nroog pib los sawv cev rau tsis tsuas cov tub rog tiv thaiv thiab muab mus rau hauv khw malls.

Lub nroog center yog lub Kremlin, uas nyob tub huabtais. Qhov no yog ib feem yog muab ntim rau nrog lub fortress phab ntsa thiab lub lwm tus earthen rampart. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob ib ncig ntawm kev khawb tob trench uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog dej. Tag nrho cov kev ceev faj yuav tsum tau mus tiv thaiv yeeb ncuab. Sab nraum, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Kremlin yog ib tug hais sib haum ntawm craftsmen, qhov thiaj li hu ua kev sib hais haum. Kuv hu ua no yog ib feem ntawm lub nroog Posad. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam settlements, thiab qhov no yog ib feem twb ncig los ntawm ib tug defensive phab ntsa.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv lub nroog yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, lub artisans tsim ib cov khoom, khoom siv tes ua thiab luam nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia koom tsim. Los ntawm lub kaum ob xyoo pua muaj tshaj rau caum handicraft professions. Masters tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm tej ris tsho, cov tais diav thiab cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub ancient Rus. Crafts Ancient Russia tsim sai heev thiab sai sai. Nyob rau hauv kev koom nyob thiab ua hauj lwm feemxyuam cov tub txawg ntawm ntau cov cheeb tsam: lub tswv kws ntaus hlau, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, tais diav ntim chaws, shoemakers, tailors, weavers, pob zeb-cutters, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam crafts. Ob txhais tes ntawm cov craftsmen los tsim nyiaj txiag wealth thiab hwj chim ntawm tus ancient Lavxias teb sab xeev, nws cov high cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai.

Tsis muaj hlau - nyob qhov twg

Tho tub txawg twb blacksmiths. Lawv cov ntaub ntawv kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov tseem ceeb tej thaj chaw uas raug muab faib Crafts Ancient Rus 9-12 xyoo pua. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog hais nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws epics thiab lus dab neeg: epics, legends thiab fairy tales, qhov twg Xamiv yog ib txwm ib tug qauv ntawm lub dag lub zog, ua siab loj thiab ua siab zoo. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, cov hlau tau los ntawm melting ntawm lub los ore. Mined nyob rau hauv nws off-lub caij, qhuav thiab ces thauj nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia qhov chaw uas los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb furnaces melted. Yog li tau hlau. Niaj hnub nimno archaeologists thaum lub sij hawm excavation ancient lub zos nquag pom slags uas yog scum smelting txheej txheem co, thiab energetically forged daim hlau loj. Pom seem ntawm kws ntaus hlau khw tau khaws cia ib feem ntawm lub roob thiab furnaces nyob ze uas nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm craftsmen.

Nrhiav cov kws ntaus hlau tshaj plaws: txhua yam rau cov tub rog thiab tillers

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlau lawm pib ib tug tshiab puag ncig ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tawm, uas yav tas los tsis paub tias leej twg nyob rau hauv subsistence ua liaj ua teb lub teb chaws. Crafts ntawm ancient Russia, nyob rau hauv particular, blacksmithing, tau qhia ib cov tswv yim orientation. Cov khoom los ntawm blacksmiths, tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau. Lawv yuav tsum tub rog uas raug riam phom - arrowheads, sib ntaus sib tua axes, swords, hmuv rau cov tibneeg, swords - thiab kev tiv thaiv apparel - saw mail thiab nyiam. riam phom ntau lawm hu nyob rau hauv ancient Rus kev theem ntawm kev txawj uas yuav tsum tau hu ua ib daim duab. Cim armor twb pom nyob rau hauv lub graves thiab cemeteries ntawm Kiev, Chernigov thiab lwm lub zos.

Wrought hlau implements yuav tsum tau mus ua teb: uas tsis muaj hlau scythes, sickles, openers, plowshares twb unimaginable ua av. Nyob rau hauv txhua economy yuav tsum tau koob, riam, saws, cov xauv, lub lag luam, thiab lwm yam khoom hauv tsev manufactured nyob rau hauv lub forge ntawm feemxyuam craftsmen. Pom nyob rau hauv ib tug faus masters ntawm blacksmithing tau hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa, nrog rau blacksmiths mus lawv cov cuab yeej - hammers thiab anvils, Chisels thiab pas tais.

Historians kwv yees tias ntau tshaj 150 hom hlau tej khoom koj paub nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua eleventh Ancient Russia. Crafts Ancient Russia ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tawm ntawm qhov kev koom.

Tawm kev tsim ornaments

Master blacksmiths thiab tej zaum kuj ua zoo ua hauj lwm, tsim me ntsis masterpieces - jewellery. Maj mam goldsmithery ua lag ua luam yog faib nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib ceg. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug jewellery khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv ancient Russia. Lavxias teb sab masters zoo li ntawd muaj cov khoom tsim hniav nyiaj hniav kub, uas yuav tsuas xav yuav ua li cas lawv ua tau zoo. Tuaj sau mus rau peb lub sij hawm ntse yam - bronze amulets, pendants, buckles, qhwv ntsej thiab necklaces - amazing subtlety raug. Hniav nyiaj hniav kub tsim nyob rau hauv kos duab rau ntawm Granulation, rau sab saum toj ntawm lawv soldered qauv uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug plurality ntawm hlau npas. Lwm txoj kev ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog filigree. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog yus nyob rau hauv uas nyias hlau yog nqus tau tsim uas yog soldered mus rau qhov chaw ntawm ib tug hlau, lub resulting ncua twb tau sau nrog txha hniav laus ntawm cov xim txawv. Mastered Jewelers thiab daim duab casting, raws li zoo raws li tau tshwj xeeb kos duab mobile machinery thaum nyob rau ib tug dub keeb kwm yav dhau qauv ntawm cov nyiaj daim hlau. Yuav kom dim zoo inlaid nrog kub thiab nyiaj rau hlau thiab tooj liab. Tej sophisticated hom kev kawm qhia ib theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob mus txog crafts nyob rau hauv ancient Russia. Yog li, lub ob txhais tes ntawm ancient craftsmen tsim high-nqi hniav nyiaj hniav kub, ua nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cloisonne enamel. Nws yog ib tug peculiar hom ntawm Lavxias teb sab goldsmithery khoom siv tes ua. Tawm kev Lavxias teb sab Jewelers twb nyuaj heev cov txheej txheem, thiab lawv tej hauj lwm raug faib thoob plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txhua qhov txhia chaw mas muaj nuj nqis thiab nyob rau hauv zoo kawg thov.

Thiab lub bricks, thiab cov tais diav sculpted qhov txhia chaw

Tais diav ntim chaws ntawm ancient Russia ib tug neeg sab nraud ceg tom qab kws ntaus hlau. Lub puab lauj kaub tej log nyob rau hauv peb pog koob yawg koob nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua eleventh. Qhov no tso cai rau ancient craftsmen tsim kev zoo nkauj khoom. tshuab ntaus ntawv yog yooj yim, nws tsiv nrog tus taw tsav, tab sis cov tais diav uas tswj kom ua tau ib lub potters ntawm lub sij hawm, ciav kev txawj creation thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Chiv, zus tau tej cov tais diav ntim chaws yog cov poj niam ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, tej kev sau ntawv sau ntawm Kievan Rus 'muaj pav xwb ntawm potters-cov txiv neej.

Lawv siv av nplaum rau lawv cov khoom, uas yog tshwj xeeb uas kho tau los ntawm soaking dej thiab active ncab. Qhov loj tshaj yuam los ntawm tag nrho cov tais diav ntim chaws siv huam thiab lwm yam ntim, uas tau ua txawv nyob rau hauv loj thiab siv tau rau ntau lub hom phiaj, lawv yuav tsum tau poured dej los yog lub khw khoom, berries. Cov huam tau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub thiab cov zaub mov siav. Tej tais diav cawm rau hnub no.

Yuav ua li cas yog tias Laus Masters?

Piav txog lub khoom siv tes ua ntawm ancient Rus 9-12 xyoo pua, luv luv nco ntsoov tias Lavxias teb sab Slavic pre-Christian lub sij hawm twb tau mus ua embossing, ua ceramics, mastered rau lub kos duab ntawm zoo paj ntaub, nto moo rau lawv craftsmanship enamels. Yuav kom dim lub chaw ua hauj lwm Kiev ntxias. Qhov no cim carving qauv rau cov pob txha, blackening, Engraving rau hlau. Twb nrov thoob lub ntiaj teb no lub qub Lavxias teb sab masters ntawm glassmaking thiab vuas.

Ntau yam khoom siv tes ua mastered rau lub Ancient Rus, tiam sis feem ntau keej ntawm lawv twb ntoo ua. Ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas los tsim kom tau tsev neeg cov vaj tse, lub tsev nyob, rooj vag thiab cov txuas hniav, fortresses thiab phab ntsa. Ntoo nkoj nquam nyob, tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag tais diav lavishly dai kom zoo nkauj nrog woodcarvings. Nws yog tsis muaj daim card hais tias lub ntsiab souvenir personifying arts and crafts nyob rau hauv ancient Rus, ib tug matryoshka - colorfully pleev xim rau ntoo menyuam roj hmab nrog lub emptiness hauv. Los ntawm nws ntxiv rau ib leeg xws li kev zoo nkauj, thiab txhua tus me ntsis me me tshaj yav dhau los yog ib tug.

Art paintings

Zoo nkauj thiab thov kos duab crafts ntawm ancient Russia twb nto moo nyob deb tshaj nws cov ciam teb rau lwm. Los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial peb pog koob yawg koob admired tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no rau nws kos duab artistic painting. Ib tug ntau yam ntawm patterned motifs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab qhia txog yam tshiab coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm txawv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab yeej ntawm pej xeem cov kos duab. Rau txhua ntawm lawv yus muaj los ntawm nws tus kheej cov xim thiab cov kab.

Gzhel

Kaj xiav cobalt painting rau ib tug dawb keeb kwm yav dhau iav hu ua Gzhel, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub nroog nyob ze Moscow, nyob qhov twg no sib tau yug los. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nws yog hais nyob rau hauv lub charter ntawm Ivan Kalita. Thawj, tus tswv ua cov tais diav thiab khoom ua si, tom qab ntawd, nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm, cov kab muaj txhab considerably. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov qhov cub vuas. Gzhel ceramics los ua nrov thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Lwm yam paintings ntawm peb pog koob yawg koob kuj tau txais lub npe los ntawm lawv cov qhov chaw ntawm creation thiab tis.

Kaj xim rau ib tug maub tom qab

Zhostovo painting - arts and crafts nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, uas tuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua los ntawm ib lub zos nyob ze Moscow nrog tib lub npe. Yog ib tug roj painting rau hlau tais. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los mus kawm rau kaj yeeb yuj paj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, noog, nyob rau hauv ib lub tsaus nti tom qab. Inflicted qauv yog ces them nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov kua roj vanish, yog li ntawd muaj ib tug ci iab tsos. Qhov no painting cov txheej txheem yog heev, cov duab no yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv.

Heev zoo siab xim txaus rau lub qhov muag, li ntawd, lub tais yog nrov heev nyob rau hauv Russia thiab tseem yog ib tug zoo nkauj keeb nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev thiab chaw ua hauj lwm.

Palekh

Los ntawm cov koog tsev kawm ntawv chaw nyob rau hauv lub Ivanovo cheeb tsam tuaj Palekh tej yam me me. Qhov no hom ntawm khoom siv tes ua yog ib tug lacquer qauv rau cov khoom. Faib li dub keeb kwm yav dhau yeeb yuj lus dab neeg, domestic, kev cai dab qhuas kev kawm adorn lub caskets, chests thiab lwm yam. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov Palekh lacquer tej yam me me nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum tsib xyoo pua, thaum txoj kev loj hlob thiab cov lag luam tawm txawv Ancient Rus. Crafts yug nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Piv txwv li, xws li ib tug kev taw qhia ntawm cov laus crafts, zoo li Palekh Miniatures, tsim lub ancient Lavxias teb sab icon painters. Nyob rau hauv Palekh txawj ntxias nyob, uas tau txais caw los ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam rau daim ntawv thov ntawm paintings nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev thiab lub koom txoos. Nws yog lawv leej twg pib xim lub thawv nrog tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm zoo heev thiab keeb kwm kev kawm. Tag nrho cov dluab yog siv kaj tempera xim rau sab saum toj ntawm ib tug dub keeb kwm yav dhau.

Cov cuab yeej ntawm no hom ntawm cov khoom siv tes yog heev nyuab, heev lub sij hawm-siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim thumbnails thiab multi-theem. Kawm thiab tau sai dlua nws yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, tab sis cov no feem ntau yog ib tug maub lub thawv yog hloov mus rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev zoo nkauj ntawm tus tshaj plaws.

Khokhloma

Lwm hom ntawm tes-painting rau wood - yog Khokhloma, uas nyob ntau tshaj peb puas xyoo dhau los. Diav rawg thiab tsev neeg cov khoom, pleev xim rau-thiab ci ci scarlet paj nyiam sai sai rau lawv uniqueness. Qauv, folding nyob rau hauv zoo nkauj ornaments, txaus mus rau lub qhov muag thiab nyob rau hauv peb hnub. Nyob rau hauv tsim Kokhloma cov khoom muaj ib tug pub leejtwg, uas yog hais tias muaj ob peb lub sij hawm varnished, ces tempered nyob rau hauv ib tug rauv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm firing lub txheej daj, thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm ntoo, gilded zoo li zoo zoo nkauj tshooj tais diav. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tableware xws ua yuav khoom. Nws cover tso cai rau kev siv ntawm Khokhloma khob, bowls, diav rau lub hom phiaj - los khaws khoom noj cia rau ib tug noj mov.

nrov prints

Lubok - lwm yam ntawm pej xeem cov kos duab, sawv cev rau crafts ntawm ancient Russia. Kev sib kho tsim yog constituted sau rau ntawm daim ntawv siv ib tug ntoo phaj. Tej pej xeem duab tau faib nyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees luam raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua thiab txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua yog cov feem ntau nrov thiab ntau hom ntawm Lavxias teb sab fine art, duab. Scenes tso tawm kom pom lubok yog heev ntau haiv neeg: kev cai dab qhuas thiab moralistic ntxhais, folk epics thiab fairy tales, keeb kwm thiab ntaub ntawv kho mob, uas yog ib txwm nrog los ntawm ib tug me me ntawv nyeem, uas yuav yog instructive los yog humorous thiab hais txog lub lis kev cai thiab kev cai ntawm nws lub sij hawm nrog lub xam qhovkev txhab uas cov neeg.

Crafts ntawm ancient Russia, lub 18th xyoo pua: Lavxias teb sab samovar

Cov kev txawj ntawm peb cov Lavxias teb sab craftsmen, peb yuav ua tau zoo siab rau. Niaj hnub no, lawv ua hauj lwm muaj peev xwm yuav pom tsis tau xwb nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv peb lub tsev. Ib txhia hom crafts nyob rau hauv ancient Russia twb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Piv txwv li, thoob plaws hauv peb lub teb chaws thiab rau hnub no pom Tula samovar. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua muaj ntau tshaj li ob puas ntau hom ntawm cov khoom no. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Tula, muaj txawm tias ib tug tsev cia puav pheej ntawm samovars.

Leej twg yog cov thawj masters, uas yog nto moo rau Ancient Rus? Crafts, hmoov tsis, tsis tau khaws cia rau hauv lub npe ntawm lawv cov creators. Tab sis peb hais tej yam uas tau tuaj sau rau peb los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial. Ntawm lawv yog cov cim thiab tsis tshua muaj cov khoom, tsev neeg cov tais diav, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua yam khoom pom tau tias cov kev txawj thiab kev ancient craftsmen.