Lub manifold sibtham: hom, hom, schemas, thiab lawv cov kev siv. Yuav ua li cas yog lub Cheebtsam? Knotability rau "dummies"

O nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej nyob heev thaum ntxov - tus hiob paub muaj nyob rau hauv Finland thiab yuav mus rau lub caij Pob zeb muaj hnub nyoog. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej thiab tsim txoj kev xaws, los ntawm tej yam yooj yim rau txoj, muab faib mus rau hauv hom, hom thiab Scope ntawm siv. Qhov loj tshaj plaws qeb los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm variations - cov pob caus ntawd.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai thiab kev ntseeg

Muaj yog lub teb chaws uas nws txoj kev ntawm losis tswvyim dabtsi ropes endowed nrog mystical zog, siv nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tag nrho cov nplais ntawm cov haiv neeg. Muaj civilizations uas muaj lawv taboo. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm lub tom kawg - Ancient Rome: cov pov thawj nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Jupiter twb txwv tsis pub kom muaj cov khaub ncaws tsawg kawg yog ib node.

Muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no muaj kev cai dab qhuas, dawb ceev qhov chaw: Suav "kev zoo siab pob caus", lub emblem ntawm lub xeem Yudas nyob rau hauv Judaism, khi strands ntawm cov plaub hau thiab pob caus khi hwj txwv koom pheej thiab lwm tus neeg.

cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm

Big laub cov ntaub ntawv ntawm knitting tau muab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sailing navigation - qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug txhim khu kev qha thiab tus neeg siv-phooj ywg "cuab tam" tsim ib tug tag nrho sau los ntawm tshiab ntshav. Lwm yam kev hloov loj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub XIX-XX centuries nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tourism.

By lub sij hawm sailing sailing ncaim mus rau ib tug hobby, thiab cov pob caus ntawd yog tsuas tawm ntawm qhov kev siv - yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Nautical tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev kawm xwb txog 38 cov pob caus ntawd. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub "Phau Ntawv Ashleya ntshav", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1944, piav 700 kev xaiv ntawm khi ropes thiab lub siab tshaj plaws lub npe hu lawv tus xov tooj nce mus txog 4000. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub tourists tuaj, txhua yam hloov lawm.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev hom kev ua si (hiking, caving, cov kev ua si nuv ntses) coj mus rau lub neej lub tsis nco qab lawm thiab "tsim" tshiab hom linkages.

Knotability los ua ib tug zoo ntawm kev ua si nawv - ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tau raug sau npe nyob rau hauv lub "Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv" Guinness nyob rau hauv 1977, ua kom paub tseeb hais tias cov American Clinton R. Bailey Sr. khi rau pob caus ntawd nyob rau hauv 6.1 vib nas this.

Qhov twg yog cov ntshav

Scope ntawm muaj xws li tag nrho cov yam ntawm tib neeg lub neej. O cia nrog peb qhov txhia chaw - nrog rau lawv cov kev pab khi bows on khau, kaus mom, ties, ua cov ntaub qhwv, nrog lawv cov kev pab kom cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv ib tug hlua khi thiab cov plaub hau nyob rau hauv cov plaub hau. Tubrog nkoj units yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm sailing.

Nyob rau hauv tsuas, kev ua si dej, caving thiab mountaineering cov pob caus ntawd nyob rau txhua txhua kauj ruam. Lawv - ib feem ntawm tus nuv ntses, yos hav zoov, tsim decorations thiab cov khaub ncaws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txhua yam yuav tsum tau nws tus kheej yam cov ntshav.

Hom ntawm loops thiab kev sib txuas

Knotability nruj me ntsis raws cov kev cai ntawm topology - lub hauv paus ntawm ib yam ntawm cov feem ntau complex los ua ke yog yooj yim pob caus. Los ntawm no los mus thawj kev faib - ligaments yog yooj yim (basic) thiab complex.

Tej ntawm yuav tsum tau muab faib nyob rau hauv ib tug ua ke ntawm ob ntsiab - tsim nkhaus nrhiav hlua (siv), thiab ntxiv tsim thaum lub sij hawm contraction nkhaus (txoj kev).

Cia li muab ua rau Compression, deformation ntawm cov hlua ntawm qhov chaw ntawm adhesion. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - nrog ib tug hlua pob caus qis zog ntawm so dua tsis tau nws. Qhov no ua rau lwm txoj kev ntawm kev faib - raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv muaj kev cia siab.

"Tswv yim" thiab hniav

Yuav cais thiab lwm cov kev faib - sib cais ntawm lub hom haumxeeb units. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov ntshav no faib mus rau hauv siv rau tej kev ua hauj lwm thiab kho kom zoo nkauj.

Tsis ntev los no zoo meej rau kho kom zoo nkauj khoom plig, paj, elegant kho kom zoo nkauj khaub ncaws, nyiaj-kub creation. Cov lawv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw mizuhiki: lawv yuav tsum tau siv los tsim tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab ntawm tag nrho cov nrhiav thiab lub hom phiaj - los ntawm ornaments nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov butterflies thiab cranes, tus nplua nuj thiab ornamental loops rau khaub ncaws.

Nws muaj lwm yam classifications - raws li qhov tseeb hais tias dab tsi uake lo lus uas peb, thiab thiaj li nyob ..

Ib suam ntawm chav nyob, hom

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov raug rho tawm ntshav:

• rau cov thwj toob lub ropes ua ke;
• rau tying ib txoj hlua rau lub chaw txhawb zog;
• voj;
• koom haum pab (kev txhawb nqa, weighting, tuav hlua voj coils, etc ...);
• Necktie;
• zoo nkauj.

Cov yav tas los, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv: o rau cov thwj toob ropes ntawm tib txoj kab uas hla, txawv txoj kab uas hla, khiav (rau cov dov tsevneeg ua ke ntawm tib hlua), neeg xyuas pib thiab tshwj xeeb.

Qhov no, txawm li cas los, cov lus teb rau lo lus nug, yog dab tsi yog cov Cheebtsam yog tsis txwv. Nws tshwj xeeb units muaj nyob rau hauv mountaineering thiab nuv ntses, xws li zoo nkauj thiab muaj ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm tebchaw.

Peb loj marine site

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau ntau yam "offshore" qhov chaw, lub hom ntawm cov uas twb tsim nyog thiab nrov nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm sailing ships, tab sis tau poob lawv qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Ib tug ncaj ncees npaum li cas ntawm ligaments yog tsis siv, tab sis muaj peb yooj yim, uas yog siv luag nyob qhov twg, txhua sij hawm. Qhov no yog ib tug "bowline", "clove" thiab "yim".

"Bowline" party, uas yog ib tug bowline, kuj hu ua tus "huab tais ntawm cov pob caus ntawd" - yog tsis ntev txawm nyob rau hauv muaj zog stretch, ib qho yooj yim kom haum, compact, uas tsis yog-ris hauv qab, yuav tsis ua rau cable nws tus kheej yog tsis ncua thiab yog yooj yim plam. Qhov no yog - lub tiag tiag huab tais, muaj tag nrho cov tsim nyog zoo zoo thiab tsis muaj zoo tsis muaj flaws. Qhov no node yog siv raws li kev tuav pov hwm thaum nce toj uphill los yog downhill tshaj sab, thiab tseem yog haum rau koom ob ropes ntawm sib npaug zos los yog txawv diameters thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

"Clove" los ua ke yog yooj yim heev rau attaching ib txoj hlua rau smooth chaw, xws li ib tug mast los yog pgg. Nws koom lub embodiment cov ntshav, hom uas yuav siv tau xyuam xim tsis ntshai teeb meem nrog zawv zawg los yog samorazvyazyvaniem. Lub npe derives los ntawm lub fact tias lawv tau ntev lawm fastened mus rau tus hais mav ratlin (seem ntawm tarred hlua siv mus nqa nyob rau hauv mast). Ntawm qhov chaw no muaj yog ib tug drawback - nws yog txhim khu kev qha xwb nyob rau hauv qhov nro. Lub maritime ua lag ua luam yog siv rau fenders, khi hauv tej nkoj nquam mus rau lub pawg.

"Yim" - lub locking los ua ke lwm kaum tsib ntau embodiments. Nws yog ib tug classic, thiab nws zoo zoo dua yog hais tias txawm nrog ib tug muaj zog thrust nws tsis lwj cov hlua thiab yooj yim plam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, yog ib txoj kev zoo ntawm fastening txoj hlua rau lub thoob kov rau tus me nyuam txoj kev laub, cov hlua mus rau lub Colca Violins, mandolins, guitars thiab cov zoo li.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hom pob caus ntawd tej zaum yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv koom haum pab txuas hlua nrog txhua lwm yam thiab phiaj lub cable rau cov nyiaj them yug.

Basic cheebtsam hauv mountaineering

Lub roob ua si siv zoo xws li cov hom matings. Txawm tias ib co ntawm lawv los ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab paub txog ntau xyoo, thiab muaj lawv cov "tus kheej", tsim thiab yees los ntawm tourists thiab kev ncaws pob. Lub nce toj yuav qhia tau 17 loj yug me nyuam rau:

• Kab (mus cuag lub cables thiab cords ntawm tib yam loj. Nco ntsoov siv kev tswj chav nyob. Nyob rau hauv load, zoo heev ncua, "nkag").
• Grapevine (los ntawm cov qeb ntawm hom uas yog siv rau cov thwj toob lub ropes txog tib yam thiab ntawm txawv diameters).
• Bramshkotovy (ua hauj lwm pab rau khi txawv txoj kab uas hla cables. Yuav kom nws yuav tsum tau xaws cov kev tswj ntshav).
• Explorer (daim ntawv thov - fastening txoj hlua rau ib yam dab tsi yooj yim rau ntswj kom nruj rau tej ya ntawm lub cable heev ncua nyob rau hauv load thiab cov "creeps" ..).
• Yim-neeg xyuas pib (tsis khi lub pob cyuam "creeps" thiab tsis ntau npaum li cas ncua nyob rau hauv load. Nws yog siv qhov twg qhov yuav tsum tau txhim khu kev qha cov voj).
• "Luav pob ntseg" (uas -. Wherever koj xav tau ib tug zoo cov khoom voj tsis yog "nkag", zoo heev ncua nyob rau hauv load).
• Bowline (nws yog siv rau attaching txoj hlua rau lub rings ib ncig ntawm lub kho kev pab txhawb nqa. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo, yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha los ua ke, uas yog xav tsis nruj nyob rau hauv load, tiam sis lub "creeps" yog hais tias tus load yog nce mus nce los).
• Loop Garda (nws yog siv rau kev tuav pov hwm, rub txoj hlua thiab nres. Hauj lwm zoo nrog ib tug loaded cable, haum rau siv nyob rau hauv tej ntawm nws lub xeev).
• Prusik ntawm (siv rau lanyard Nws yog tsis khaws cia rau hws khov ropes thiab phem - .. Ib tug nyuaj no los ua ke tsiv dawb do thiab yog nruj nrog ib tug load, nws tshem tawm tom qab pib dua tsis muaj teeb meem).
• Clove ( "siv zog." Good rau fastening txoj hlua rau tej xov tooj ntawm cov kev txhawb zog, xws li ntoo. Nyob rau hauv load yog tsis ncua thiab nws yog heev txhim khu kev qha qhov).
• Austrian li kev to taub unit (rau tensioning txoj hlua thaum hla lub koom haum. Qhov tsiv nruj nyob rau hauv load thiab rov los rau nws cov thawj txoj hauj lwm tom qab raug muab tshem tawm. Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txhim khu kev qha ntshav. Hom ntawm xws li ib tug zawv zawg ntawm lub clutch thiab ligaments yog heev nrov nrog cov neeg tsav nkoj, cov speleologists).
• Samorazvyazyvayuschiysya (qhov no ntawm yog knitted los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hlua ntev thiab yog siv los tsis txhob inadvertent hla unleashing yuj. Nws yog zoo decoupled txawm nyob rau hauv siab load thiab txaus txhim khu kev qha. Siv ib tug reef knot los yog shotgun).
• hlua npav (ib tug heev yooj yim thiab yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav kom cov hlua nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim. knits rau tej skein hlua, ribbon, nuv ntses kab, thiab hais txog. d.).
• Xauv ISS (txoj kev thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tuav pov hwm bundling. Muaj ob peb xaiv).
• Control - zawv zawg, lag ntseg, Carbines (basic units nyob rau hauv tej teb uas muaj feem rau kev siv ntawm ropes tsis tswj cov nqi tsuas yog ib qho uas tsis xaws nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ntawm ntshav Lawv ua hauj lwm - .. Tiv thaiv kom txhob txawj unleashing ntawm lub ntsiab los ua ke siv tswj tsim nyog nrog ib co ntshav nyob rau hauv lub .. zuag qhia tag nrho, lawv yog siv thaum muaj raws li nrog rau tus cia siab rau ntawm cov tub ntxhais, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias nws yog khi rau ib tug ntub, nplua npleev, hws khov, nkos thiab m. p. hlua).

Ntsiab cheebtsam hauv caving

Hom hlua pob caus ntawd siv speleotourists, zoo heev rau "mountaineering", Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv pab neeg no thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv tus thawj xib fwb yog cov sib txawv txoj kev pos yuav muaj npe. Txawm li cas los, yuav muaj ib tug yuam kev hu mus rau ntawm cov yooj yim, tsim nyog kiag li rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tag nrho cov neeg uas xav mus koom rau hauv caving, lub nram qab no: direct, bowline, "yim" (ib tug xauv, ib tug muab ob npaug rau thiab ib tug counter), cuaj Austrian neeg xyuas pib.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ob "yim" - yuav luag feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv caving lub neej. Yog hais tias zoo tsim, nws yog zoo plam tom qab qoj ib ce. Siv nyob rau hauv rigging, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv feem ntau.

ncaj

Direct ntawm, kuj hu ua Hercules, muaj ob semi-attachments, knotted sequentially ib saum toj no rau lwm nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia. Qhov no kev twb kev txuas txoj kev no tsuas yog haum rau ib tug kab uas hla ropes - txwv tsis pub nyias tuab kua muag nyob rau hauv load. Thaum txoj hlua los yog cable yog loaded, qhov no voj yog nquag samorazvyazyvaniyu.

Yam muaj tseeb yog hais tias tus hlua ntub - node yuav nkag. Siv tsim nyog, ua ke nrog tswj. Synthetic ropes unreliable, tab sis thaum siv kom zoo, yog ntau yam thiab kuj yooj yim rau daws.

Paub zoo xws li cov tab sis unreliable kev xaiv: Teschin thiab granny knot. Nws kuj suav hais tias yog Admiralty txog tib neeg thiab kev phais chav nyob.

"Yim"

Ib tug ntawm cov yooj yim locking cov rooj sib txoos, muaj ob peb indisputable zoo: nws yog ib qho yooj yim xaws, nws zoo zoo nkauj, nws tus kheej ncua, tsis dhau spoils txoj hlua. Yuav kom siv tau cov load fits tsis zoo, raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, zoo heev ncua thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim rau nws nyuaj rau daws.

"Yim", raws li cov reef knot, paub txij ancient sij hawm. Muaj yog ib tug uas zoo sib xws voj rau nws nrog tib lub npe, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv mountaineering mas luag tus carabiner rau ntawm lub ntsiab hlua.

Yuav ua li cas yog raws li nyob rau hauv "yim" units? Nyob rau hauv kev, nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug keeb ntawm ntau ntau nabkaus, piv txwv li, ib tug counter thiab ib tug muab ob npaug rau "yim".