Ancient Is Nrias teb: xwm thiab cov neeg. Hauj lwm, cov nta, caste

Ancient Is Nrias teb - yog ib qho ntawm feem txawv txawv ancient civilizations. Txawm nyob rau hauv cov hnub hais lus txog nws raws li ib tug "lub teb chaws ntawm Xi-oos." Ancient Is Nrias teb yog nyob ze sib koom tes nrog rau ob lub as lub teb chaws thiab nrog rau cov ancient ntiaj teb no, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau lawv cov kev loj hlob. Ib tug ntau ntawm sau ntawv thiab philosophers ntawm antiquity sim tsawg kawg ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub neej mus xyuas Is Nrias teb nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhawb kev kawm lawv worldview.

Cov thawj neeg nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb

Thiab rau zoo yog vim li cas - qhov xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb tseem tseem paj kws tshawb fawb thiab archaeologists. Nws lub teb chaws twb nyob hauv Npanpiloo nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Tus thawj pawg neeg uas nyob hauv Npanpiloo lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Is Nrias teb twb Dravidians. Ces hloov Dravid tuaj lwm settlers, uas ho txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub neej thiab kev cai. Lub ob lub zos ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb, uas nyob rau ntau lub sij hawm yog cov nom tswv chaw - nws Mohenjodaro thiab Harappa.

Cov kev npaj txhij txog foundations archaeologist Sahni

Thawj Harappan civilization twb nrhiav tau los ntawm archaeologists uas twb xav rau hauv qhov thiab neeg ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb, thiab rau cov uas nws tau lub tsev mus Is Nrias teb. Chiv, lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Indian archaeologist R. Sahni thiab nws cov npoj yaig R. Banerjee yog lub foundations ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qub Shiva Tuam tsev. Txawm li cas los, es tsis txhob ntawm lub ruins ntawm tus ancient sanctuary ntawm tus neeg tshawb fawb coj cov seem ntawm cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus ancient nroog block. Thaum ntawm qhov chaw, qhov twg excavations tau ua, tau ob thiab peb-storey thaj tsev nyob rau hauv txoj kev sawv tus pej thuam. Lub nroog tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub vaj, txuas hniav thiab chaw ua si, thiab yuav luag txhua txhua ib ntawm quarters yog zoo.

Cov lus dab neeg, paub tseeb hais tias qhov tseeb

Tom qab no discovery, zaum xav nyob rau hauv ancient Is Nrias teb, qhov xwm thiab cov neeg uas muaj ib zaug ib feem ntawm ib tug ancient civilization. Sahni txiav txim siab mus coj lwm ntoj ke mus kawm. Qhov no lub sij hawm nws mus rau ib tug deb ntawm 600 km ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tau ua tus thawj discovery. Qhov archaeologist, raws li zoo raws li cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg hauv zos tsis tu siab soj ntsuam. Txawm lub npe ntawm lub roob qhov chaw uas ib zaug hauv lub British xaiv lub cib rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub railway, inspired mystical awe. Txhais "Moenjodaro", uas yog yuav mus rau xa ib ntoj ke mus kawm Sahni, txhais tau tias "tus hais sib haum ntawm cov neeg tuag."

Lus dab neeg, uas qhia neeg hauv zos, tom qab tag nrho paub tseeb hais tias cov uas nrhiav tau Sahni. Lus dab neeg muaj nws hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, qhov chaw uas lub toj Mohenjodaro, yog lub nroog. Nws kav angered ntau dua powers ntawm nws dissolute lub neej, thiab lub gods txiav txim siab los ua kom puas no civilization. Tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm excavations Sahni nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub roob ib tug lossis loj lub nroog, uas yog ib tug kawm ntawm ancient Egypt.

ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb

Sahni thiab nws ntoj ke mus kawm txuas ntxiv mus ua discoveries uas muab cov lus qhia ntxiv hais txog dab tsi yog qhov xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tib qho chaw ob peb loj lub zos, raws li zoo raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntau txhiab me me settlements. Pom kev vam meej twb hu ua Harappan. Rau nws loj nws yog plaub lub sij hawm siab tshaj lub Sumerian.

Thaum archaeologists tau kawm qhov seem tau, lawv xaus lus tias tus Harappan civilization sawv txog 3300 BC. e. Zaum kwv yees tias thaum lub sij hawm nws heyday nws muaj ib tug neeg nyob ntawm txog 5 lab tus tib neeg. Cov pej xeem ntawm lub nroog ntawm Mohenjo-Daro yog ib tug mix ntawm txawv haiv neeg. Feem ntau ntawm cov inhabitants yog cov Dravidians, uas yog xav kom tau Australoids. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Harappan civilization inhabited los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm lub Sumerian, European thiab Mongoloid tsos.

Zaum hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm excavation thiab hauj daim ntawv qhia tau twv. Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm Ancient Is Nrias teb, yuav tshwm sim tau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam. Lub nroog txoj kev Harappan civilization interspersed nrog vaj, tsis sib cais los ntawm lub ntuj puag ncig. Raws li nws qhov chaw nyob txoj kev zoo li niaj hnub nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Lawv dav yog hais txog kaum meters. Broad Street kev cob cog rua ntawm ib tug nqaim alleys.

Cov kev pab cuam ntawm Indian pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv antiquity

Tab sis lub zos tau ua tsis nyob rau hauv ib zaug. Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm Ancient Is Nrias teb, luv luv piav nyob rau hauv cov writings xa mus rau archaeologists, yog ib yam ntawm cov symbiosis. Lub earliest settlements, cov uas nyob rau hauv lub 6-4 centuries BC. e., thiab los ua tus progenitors ntawm lub ancient Indian civilization. Ib qhov chaw khom ntawm lub North Balochistan thiab lub hav ntawm lub Ganges dej muab lub poj koob yawm txwv lub Khab nrog dej, pob kws, pob zeb uas tawv deposits. Nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm herds ntawm cov tsiaj qus tshis thiab twm - tag nrho cov tej yam kev mob tau pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov chaw no ntawm ua liaj ua teb thiab ua liaj ua teb.

Zaum ntseeg tau hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ancient Indian civilization hloov pauv mas nrog cov Sumerians. Qhov tseeb kuj yog qhia los ntawm cov Sumerian thawj. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev, qhov twg ib zaug yog nyob rau hauv lub Harappan civilization, loj qhov ntau ntawm ntau yam khoom ntawm txawv teb chaws keeb kwm tau pom. Qhov no paj rwb ntaub, hlaws dai, hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab zoo li.

Cov poob ntawm lub Proto-Indian civilization

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub sij hawm ntawm lub poob ntawm lub Harappan civilization poob rau 1800 BC. e. Muaj ntau kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tau hais tias qhov no yog vim muaj qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Aryans - lub warlike invaders ntawm lub qaum teb hnub poob. Lub "Aria" yog txhais los ntawm ancient Indian lus txhais tau tias "noble". Cov no yog nomadic pab pawg neeg, uas twb koom nyob rau hauv nyuj yug me nyuam thiab pub tsuas yog nyob rau khoom noj siv mis. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tus nyuj tus Khab tau txais tus txheej xwm ntawm ib yam dawb ceev tsiaj. Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm Ancient Is Nrias teb, yog li muab txoj kev rau cov uas tuaj ntawm sab nraum, "lub gods."

Lwm yam versions ntawm zaum

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov Arias loj lub zos lawv pov tseg. Muaj ntau lub tsev poob mus rau hauv lwj, thiab los tsim kom tau tshiab lub tsev siv qub bricks. Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb, txoj kev tshawb ntawm lwm yam archaeologists, tej zaum yuav tsis tau kiag li haum rau hauv ib nta kev tshawb xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Sahni. Ib txhia zaum ntseeg tias vim li cas rau lub poob ntawm lub Harappan civilization twb tsis tau tsuas yog lub invasions, tab sis kuj ib puag ncig degradation. Qhov kev hloov no nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm lub hiav txwv pem teb, uas tshwm sim los dej nyab thiab kev mob kev nkeeg ntawm txaus ntshai kab mob. Nws yog tsis cais thiab yog ib tug version uas tau coj mus rau ib tug muaj kev ntxhov ntawm tsawg loo, uas tuaj vim av salinity.

Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm Ancient Is Nrias teb: Indian caste

Nyob rau hauv lub ancient Indian haiv neeg mus rau hauv castes division originates los ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub thawj txhiab BC. e. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau nws lawm vim tsis tsuas mus rau kev cai dab qhuas kev ntseeg, tab sis cov nom tswv system. Qhov tseeb yog tias rau qhov qis tshaj caste ntawm tag nrho cov kev txhawj xeeb cov neeg, uas tau kov yeej los ntawm invaders-Aryans. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov ntau dua castes yog cov Brahmins - cov pov thawj, uas tsis koom nyob rau hauv hnyav lub cev ua zog. Lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm sacrifices.

Lub txim ntawm lub caste system rau cov pej xeem

Tom ntej no cam khwb cia, uas cov Brahmans yog feem ntau cim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum - nws warriors los yog Kshatriyas. Ntawm lawv tus kheej, lawv feem ntau yuav tsis muab cov hwj chim. Rau Kshatriyas raws li vaisyas - liaj ua teb thiab yug yaj. Lub qis tshaj caste twb Sudras. Los ntawm Sudras kho cov tub qhe uas nqa tawm lub moj ua hauj lwm. Caste raws roj ntsha. Cov me nyuam Brahmins yuav tsuas Brahmins, Sudras cov me nyuam - Sudras. Tej stratification ntawm cov haiv neeg coj mus rau lub fact tias muaj ntau feemxyuam cov neeg raug puas tsuaj vim rau languish nyob rau hauv cov neeg txom nyem, uas hindered txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws.

Thoob plaws hauv lub sij hawm lub excavations tsis Harappan civilization addicted, thiab lwm yam kws tshawb fawb. Ntawm lawv, thiab anthropologists uas twb xav nyob rau hauv ancient Is Nrias teb, qhov xwm thiab cov neeg uas nyob hauv Mohenjo-Daro. Lawv tau ua ib tug ntxhib portrait ntawm cov raug tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Harappan civilization. Raws li excavations, zaum tau xaus lus hais tias nws yog ib tug maub-haired thiab maub-eyed neeg nrog tsaus daim tawv nqaij. Lawv tau koom rau cov Mediterranean ceg ntawm lub Caucasian haiv neeg.

Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm Ancient Is Nrias teb: ib tug tswvyim rau constructing lub zos

Harappan civilization tus loj tshaj plaws lub zos tau ua nrog zoo precision. Txoj kev zoo li loomed ib tug ntau ntawm tsev - tib yam thiab geometrically tseeb. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, lub tsev ntawm lub ancient Khab ntsia zoo li thawv rau cov ncuav. Nyob rau hauv cov zos, cov neeg muaj lub sij hawm yuav txaus siab rau tag nrho cov amenities. Nws ntws los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua canals, ntawm uas txhua lub tsev nkag dej.

Lub Proto-Indian ntse heev architects

Niam Xwm thiab cov neeg ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb (5 qib pib mus ntsib nrog tus kab lis kev cai thiab kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws no nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm ancient keeb kwm) tau kawm nyob rau hauv zoo meej sib raug zoo. Qhov no symbiosis impress ib co lus muaj tseeb feem ntau muaj tswvyim thiab txawj connoisseurs. Ib tug amazing kev kawm uas lub sij hawm yog kav dej phwj. Txawm tias yuav tsis muaj lub slightest lub tswv yim hais tias tus kab mob muab sai tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv sov kub, lub ces architects coj ci ntsa iab rau nws lub sij hawm txiav txim siab. Underground kav raug nteg ntawm lub pobzeb txawb rau uas tag nrho cov impurities yuav tsum tau tso tawm sab nraum lub nroog. Qhov no pub peb mus nyob ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug tsawg cheeb tsam.