Yuav ua li cas yog lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj? Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj? Formula tshuaj normality

Nrog lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj peb raug txhua txhua hnub. Tab sis nws yog tsis zoo li hais tias txhua tus ntawm peb yog, yuav ua li cas loj si lub luag hauj lwm los ntawm cov tshuab. Ntau ntau lawv tus cwj pwm los ua tseeb niaj hnub no, ua tsaug rau kev tshawb kom ntxaws rau txhiab xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov sij hawm no muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus tau tau ua tswvcuab, unintelligible txiv neej dog dig. Ib tug ntawm lawv - lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov no yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm. Thiab peb mam li pib nrog ib tug dhia dej mus rau hauv lub dhau los lawm.

Keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb

Tus thawj kaj siab, yuav pib txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev daws teeb meem tau raug hu mus rau chemists xws li Arrhenius, van't Hoff thiab Ostwald. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm rau hauv lub tom ntej no tiam ntawm chemists pib delve rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm dej thiab dilute daws teeb meem. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lawv tau sau ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm kev txawj ntse, tab sis tsis muaj xim nyob uas tsis yog-aqueous kev daws teeb meem, uas, incidentally, kuj ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si.

Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, uas tsis yog-aqueous kev daws teeb meem muaj ib tug ntau ntawm tsis paub hais tias. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov dej nrog ua lub dissociation degree ntawm nce conductivity nqi, ces ib tug zoo xws li cov system, tab sis nrog lwm kuab es dej, nws yog qhov opposite. Me qhov tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity feem ntau mus rau ib tug high degree ntawm dissociation. Anomalies spurred zaum kawm no teb ntawm Science News for KIDS. Nws tau sau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua uas yog tau mus nrhiav cov qauv uas Nkij los txuam rau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb tau mus nthuav lub paub txog lub electrolysis thiab ntawm qhov xwm ntawm complex ions ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw.

Ces nquag pib mus tshawb xyuas nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm concentrated daws teeb meem. Tej systems yog heev txawv nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm diluted vim lub fact tias ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm yaj tshuaj nce ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm nws kev sis raug zoo nrog cov kuab. Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv no - nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no seem.

kev tshawb xav

Thaum lub caij, zoo tshaj plaws piav tus cwj pwm ntawm ions, atoms thiab molecules nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsuas lub hom phiaj ntawm electrolytic dissociation. Txij thaum nws cov inception, Svante Arrhenius nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, nws tau undergone ib co kev hloov. Ib txhia kev cai tau raug sab (xws li cov kev cai lij choj ntawm dilution), uas ntau tsis haum mus rau hauv lub classical kev tshawb xav. Tab sis, ua tsaug rau lub tom ntej ua hauj lwm zaum, cov kev tshawb xav tau cov ntaub ntawv kho, thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov tam sim no daim ntawv nws tseem tshwm sim thiab meej qhia txog cov kev tshwm sim tau los ntawm kev sim txhais tau tias.

Lub ntsiab essence ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm electrolytic dissociation uas tshuaj thaum yaj disintegrates rau hauv nws cov feem ions - hais tias muaj ib tug xwb. Nyob ntawm seb lub peev xwm los unpack (dissociate) apart, paub qhov txawv zog thiab tsis muaj zog electrolytes. Muaj zog feem ntau kiag li dissociate rau hauv ions nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, whereas tsis muaj zog - ib tug heev me me qhov twg.

Cov hais rau hauv uas lub molecule yuav nrog cov kuab. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua solvation. Tab sis nws tsis yeej ib txwm tshwm sim, raws li vim lub xub ntiag ntawm tus nqi rau cov ion thiab kuab molecules. Piv txwv li, ib tug dej qauv yog ib tug dipole, i.e. particle, them nyob rau hauv ib tes zoo thiab nyob rau lwm yam - tsis zoo. Ib tug ions, uas yaj ntsha, dhau lawm, muaj ib tug xwb. Yog li, cov hais yog attracted rau oppositely them sab. Tab sis qhov no tshwm sim nrog cov ncov qaumteb qabteb kuab tshuaj (li ntawd, yog dej). Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug tov ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv hexane solvation tsis tshwm sim.

Yuav kom kawm lub ntsiab feem ntau yuav tsum tau paub tus nqi ntawm cov solute. Cov mis no tej zaum kuj heev ua tau txawv txawv rau tus ib co ntau. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm ntau, ntawm lawv - lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj. Tam sim no peb yuav qhia nyob rau hauv kom meej txog txhua txoj kev los qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab cov hau kev ntawm nws muab xam.

Lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, thov ib tug txheej ntawm cov qauv, thiab ib co ntawm lawv yog ua lub tsev ntawd tias nws yog ntau yooj yim mus coj ib tug nqi nyob rau hauv ib tug daim ntawv.

Tus thawj, thiab feem ntau paub nyob rau peb, lub concentration ntawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhia - lub loj feem. Nws yog payment heev tsuas. Peb cia li yuav tsum qhia ib tug ntau ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau nws yuag tag nrho. Yog li peb tau txais ib lo lus teb raws li ib tug zauv. Muab rau tus xov tooj los ntawm ib tug puas, peb yuav tau txais cov lus teb raws li ib feem pua.

Me ntsis tsawg paub daim ntawv - lub ntim feem. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog siv los qhia tus concentration ntawm dej cawv nyob rau hauv dej cawv haus. Xam nws tseem yog yooj yim heev: sib faib cov nyiaj ntawm solute mus rau lub ntim ntawm tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem. Ib yam li nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog ua tau kom tau ib lo lus teb raws li ib tug feem pua. Cov ntawv no feem ntau xa mus rau, "40%.", Uas txhais tau tias 40 feem pua ntawm cov volume.

Cov tshuaj no feem ntau yog siv thiab lwm yam kev concentration. Tab sis ua ntej koj mus rau lawv thiab tham txog dab tsi ib tug mole ntawm substance. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav raug qhia nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev: loj ntim. Tab sis lub lwg me me ntawm txhua yam khoom uas nws muaj nws tus kheej yuag thiab tus luj ntawm lub qauv yog tsis yooj yim sua kom to taub yuav ua li cas lub lwg me me nyob rau hauv nws, thiab nws yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog cov quantitative tivthaiv ntawm tshuaj transformations. Rau lub hom phiaj no xws li ib tug nqi twb tau ua tswvcuab raws li ib tug mole substance. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug tias - ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm molecules: 6.02 * ^{23 Lub kaum hli ntuj.} Qhov no yog hu ua tus Avogadro tooj. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, xws li ib tug unit yog mol tshuaj siv los mus xam tus nqi ntawm tej tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj lwm daim ntawv ntawm kev qhia ntawm concentration - hniav puas. Qhov no yog tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ib chav tsev ntim. Molarity qhia nyob rau hauv mol / l (nyeem: moles ib liter).

Muaj yog ib tug heev zoo ib yam li yav dhau los daim ntawv ntawm cov kev qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw hauv lub cev: molality. Nws txawv los ntawm lub molarity uas yuav txiav txim rau qhov nyiaj ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev ntim thiab ib chav tsev loj. Thiab nws qhia nyob rau hauv moles ib kilogram (los yog lwm ntau qhov piv txwv gram).

Ntawm no yog peb tuaj mus rau qhov kawg daim ntawv, uas yog tam sim no yog tham txog nyias, raws li nws cov hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ib tug me ntsis theoretical ntaub ntawv.

Lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj

Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Thiab sib txawv los ntawm lub yav dhau los tus nqi? Yuav pib to taub qhov txawv ntawm tej ntsiab raws li tus normality thiab molarity daws teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lawv txawv los ntawm tsuas yog ib qho muaj nqis - lub xov tooj ntawm equivalence. Tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm xav txog tej yam dab tsi rau ib tug qub tov. Nws yog ib tug hloov molarity. Ekvivaletnosti tooj qhia tus xov tooj ntawm hais tias yuav hnov mob nrog ib tug tias ntawm hydrogen ions los yog hydroxide ions.

Peb tau paub hais tias yog lub qub tov. Tab sis peb yuav tsum khawb tob, thiab peb yuav saib yuav ua li cas yooj yim no, lub complex puab ntawm lub concentration ntawm qhov kev piav qhia thaum xub thawj pom. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv kom meej li cas yog lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj.

mis

Zoo nkauj yooj yim xav txog tej yam ib qho kev qhia ntawm lus piav qhia. Nws yuav tsum: C _n = z * n / N. Ntawm no z - Equivalency tau, n - nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, V - lub ntim ntawm cov tshuaj. Tus thawj muaj nuj nqis - lub feem ntau nthuav. Raws li lub sij hawm thiab nws qhia tau hais tias sib npaug yeeb tshuaj, i.e. tus xov tooj tiag tiag los yog xav txog tej yam hais tias yuav hnov mob nrog rau ib leeg yam tsawg kawg nkaus particle substance. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm cov mis saum toj no yog qualitatively txawv los ntawm molarity.

Thiab tam sim no rau lwm tseem ceeb ib feem: yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov no yog undoubtedly ib qho tseem ceeb qhov teeb meem, yog li mus kawm nws yog tsim nyog rau txoj kev nrog kev nkag siab txog txhua tus nqi qhia nyob rau hauv kab zauv saum toj no.

Yuav ua li cas mus nrhiav tau cov normality ntawm cov tshuaj?

Cov mis, uas peb tau sib tham txog saum toj no, yog ntawm ib tug txhob txwm tswv yim cim. Tag nrho cov qhov tseem ceeb hais nyob rau hauv nws, yuav muab tau yooj yim xam nyob rau hauv kev xyaum. Tseeb xoo normality ntawm cov tshuaj yog heev yooj yim, kev paub txog ib co ntau: solute luj, mis thiab nws cov ntim tshuaj. Txij li thaum peb paub tias cov mis ntawm molecules ntawm lub substance, ces peb yuav nrhiav tau nws cov molecular ceeb thawj. Lub ceeb thawj piv ntawm cov solute qauv mus rau nws hniav puas loj yog sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm moles ntawm substance. Thiab paub txog qhov ntim ntawm lub tag nrho cov tshuaj, peb yuav hais raws nraim li peb hniav puas concentration.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej uas peb yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los mus laij lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj - nws yog ib lub ua los ntawm kev nrhiav cov equivalence tau. Ua li no, peb yuav tsum to taub yuav ua li cas npaum li cas ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub dissociation ntawm lub tsim hais yuav muab protons los yog hydroxyl ions. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid ekvivaletnosti zoo tshaj yuav yog 2, thiab yog li ntawd lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog xam los ntawm tsuas yog txawj los ntawm 2 molarity.

daim ntawv thov

Nyob rau hauv tshuaj analytics feem ntau muaj los cia siab normality thiab molarity daws teeb meem. Nws yog yooj yim heev rau vychileniya molecular qauv ntawm tshuaj.

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus mus xyuas?

Yuav kom to taub zoo dua dab tsi yog qhov normality ntawm cov tshuaj, nws yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus qhib ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv general Science News for KIDS. Thiab yog hais tias koj twb paub tag nrho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tsum xa mus rau tus phau ntawv nyeem ntawm analytical Science News for KIDS rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm tshuaj specialties.

xaus

Tsaug rau qhov tsab xov xwm, kuv xav tias koj to taub hais tias lub normality ntawm cov tshuaj - nws yog ib daim ntawv ntawm kev qhia txog lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, uas yog siv mas nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsom xam. Thiab tam sim no nws yog tsis muaj daim card yuav ua li cas nws yog payment.