Yuav ua li cas yog lub drawback ntawm lub ancient cov tsiaj ntawv? Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm hom lus sau thiab feem ntau ancient ntawv

Tom qab mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv mus rov qab mus rau lub txheej thaum ub communal system. Nws yog ces hais tias cov neeg pib los tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev txawj ntse mus rau cov hloov lus siv drawings. Me ntsis tom qab, ib tug txiv neej tuaj mus rau lub yooj yim ntawm cov duab tswvyim nyob rau hauv sau ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm cov suab, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog denoted los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Yog li ntawd muaj ancient ntawv. Nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas puas tau tus thawj lo lus twb tau sau tseg? Yuav ua li cas yog lub drawback ntawm lub ancient cov tsiaj ntawv thiab yuav ua li cas kom tau nws los mus kov yeej? Sim kom to taub txog ...

Sumerian cuneiform

Tus thawj system ntawm sau tej yam tshwm sim, los ntawm assumption ntawm historians, muaj yog hais txog tsib thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv lub ua liaj ua teb koom ntawm lub Sumerians - cov neeg uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus dej ntws Tigris thiab Euphrates. Cov kev sau ntawv, hu ua "cuneiform", yog extruded cim rau ib lub slab ntawm ntub av nplaum siv sharpened nrog, uas twb khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug me ntsis lub. Tom ntej no cov vuas twb qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub los yog raug rho tawm haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib tug rauv.

Siv cuneiform tej yam tshwm sim Sumerians dhau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv ib tug stylized daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tau muaj rau ib co cim thiab paub daws teeb qhov tseem ceeb ( "teeb", "lub sij hawm"). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov muaj ntau tshaj li ob txhiab cim Hieroglyphs. Txawm li cas los, mus tso saib lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj ntsiab ob peb ntawm lawv, yog li lub Sumerians twb qhia phonetic hauv paus ntsiab lus. Kos npe rau, uas yog txuam nrog ib tug tej suab, nws yuav siv tau los xaiv lwm yam khoom los ntawm lub suab. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai yog lub hauv paus rau kev sau ntawv tam sim no hnub.

Hieroglyphics ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws

Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Egypt tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub plaub txhiab BC. Chiv, cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv tau ua siv pa dluab - ancient ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no theem.

Ancient Iyiv sau ntawv combines ob peb ntau yam:

• hieroglyphic - qhov ntxov tshaj plaws hauv daim ntawv ntawm Iyiv sau ntawv. Thaum nws cov tub ntxhais nteg siv cov duab los yog pictograms; yog li nws yog advantageously kev cai dab qhuas ntawv;
• hieratic - ib tug yooj yim zog hauv daim ntawv ntawm hieroglyphics. Nws yog ib yam ntawm cov "shorthand", yooj yim kom muaj kev cai lij choj thiab ua lag ua luam cov ntaub ntawv;
• Demotic - npaum li cas tom qab ntawd thiab yooj yim daim ntawv ntawm ua lag ua luam cursive, uas icons yog ib tug me ntsis reminiscent ntawm lub qub cim.

Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg mob, cov neeg Iyiv sau ntawv tau yus muaj los ntawm ib qho feature, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tib cim yuav txhais li cas raws li ib tug tag nrho lub tswvyim thiab style, thiab ib tug neeg lub suab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj ntau tshwj xeeb kas - determiners uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntxiv kom meej txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib cov duab.

Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cim, feem ntau yog carved monumental inscriptions rau lub pob zeb. Ieratikoy demotic thiab ua sau ntawv rau tus kav tauj los papyrus nrog number case.

Phenicia los yog Xe-i: uas yees ua tus thawj tsiaj ntawv

Qhov loj tshaj kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev sau ntawv txoj kev loj hlob yog tus tsim ntawm cov thawj tsiaj ntawv. Raws li lub prevailing kev tshawb xav, nws founders yog cov Phoenicians. Rau yooj yim ntawm kev ua lag luam nrog cov neeg uas hais lus txawv lus, lawv yog thawj nyob rau hauv lub XI-X centuries BC, muaj muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum lub ntsiab ntawm alpha-suab txias system.

Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug thib ob version ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov thawj tsiaj ntawv. Nws tsim yog rho nrog cov inhabitants ntawm Xe-i - suab puam thaj tsam, nyob sab qab teb ntawm cov neeg tuag hiav txwv. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias seirtsy razgovaivali nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej cov lus. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua BC, cov Iyi, kev expeditions mus rau lub Sinai ceg av qab teb, ntiav lawv mus nce tus naj npawb ntawm lawv cov tub rog. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov recordings ua seirskimi foremen thiab foremen thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov Iyi nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus ceeb toom, thiab nws thiaj li coj mus rau tus niam ntawv. Proponents ntawm no ziag no cam hais tias lub earliest cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv los ntawm kev siv cov niam ntawv cim tau ua raws nraim lub inhabitants ntawm Xe-i.

Phoenician cov tsiaj ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog lub drawback ntawm lub ancient cov tsiaj ntawv

Lub Phoenician cov tsiaj ntawv muaj xws li nees nkaum-ob tsab ntawv. Ib txhia cim raug coj los ntawm twb uas twb muaj lawm sau ntawv: Iyiv, Cretan, Babylonian. Tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub ancient cov tsiaj ntawv portrayed raws li ib tug pa khoom schema uas nws lub npe pib nrog lub suab corresponded rau tsab ntawv no. Muaj xov xwm hauv paus ntsiab lus tracing txhua tsab ntawv ntawm nws lub npe thiab muaj cim zoo. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov Phoenicians sau los ntawm txoj kev mus rau sab laug.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub drawback ntawm lub ancient cov tsiaj ntawv? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws sawv cev tsuas consonants thiab semivowel. Ntawv niam cia li poob rau hauv kev sau ntawv.

Tom qab, lub ancient Phoenician cov tsiaj ntawv los ua lub hauv paus uas tej tag nrho lwm yam alpha-suab systems, xws li nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe.

Greek lus - ib tug ntawm cov hiob sau lus nyob

Lub starting taw tes rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov Western ntawv yog tus sau ntawv ntawm lub ancient Greeks. Los ntawm 403 BC lawv tau yees ua sau ntawv hu ua "Ionian tsab ntawv." Cov Greek cov tsiaj ntawv yog Ameslikas nees nkaum plaub tsiaj ntawv. Thawj sab los ntawm cov archaeologists nyob rau hauv cov lus no inscriptions tau carved rau ntawm pob zeb los yog pleev xim rau tej hub khoom.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub drawback ntawm lub ancient Greek cov tsiaj ntawv? Lub earliest inscriptions extant, yus cov tsiaj ntawv muaj nruj geometrical zoo thiab sib npaug leej deb nruab nrab ntawm cov kab thiab tus neeg ntawv.

Ntau tsis ntev los no ntawv tau handwritten, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug sib npaug ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li - conjoint sau ntawv lus. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub Greek tsab ntawv tau tsim ob hom ntawm cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv - loj thiab lowercase.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub Greek cov tsiaj ntawv twb borrowed los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Muaj ntau ntawm nws cim tshuav unchanged, thiab ntxiv rau lawv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lawv tus kheej. Niaj hnub no, cov Roman (Latin) cov tsiaj ntawv thoob plaws, rau nws yog lub sij hawm mus hloov heev me ntsis.