Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug antigen? Tshuaj thiab antigens

Nyob rau hauv lub cev, qhov uas lub cev teb INTERACTIONS tshuaj thiab antigens. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwm sim hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no tej zaum yuav induce ib lub xeev ntawm thiaj li hu ua kev irresponsibility - kam rau ua. Tshuaj thiab antigens pab mus rau tsim ntawm immunological nco. Tom ntej no, xav txog lub thib ob hom tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi antigen.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug antigen? Cias muab, nws yog feem ntau txawv teb chaws tebchaw. Cov no muaj xws nucleic acids, polysaccharides, cov nqaijrog thiab lawv ceg. Thaum hloov los ntawm tshuaj kev hloov kho tej yam ntuj tso polymers yuav tsum npaj kom txhij "conjugated" substance. Tej tebchaw tej zaum yuav tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov nqaijrog uas yog ncaj qha mus rau tus neeg. Autologous khoom denatured los ntawm tshuaj los yog lub cev txhais tau tias, yuav tsum hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib qho antigen.

txhais

Lub cev biopolymers los yog hluavtaws analogues ntawd yuav txeem muaj peev xwm ntawm eliciting ib lub cev tsis teb. Cov tebchaw no hu ua antigens. Lawv pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm effector hlwb thymic xwm. Hnyuj hnyo rau cov tom qab ntawm ib lub cev tsis teb tej tshuaj pib mus nrog antigens los yog tshuaj tebchaw uas muaj ib tug zoo qauv. Yog hais tias lawv tsis ntxias ib tug tiv thaiv teb, lawv hu ua haptens. Lawv ntxias immunological kam rau ua. Muaj peev xwm mus induce ib tug tiv thaiv teb yog hluavtaws polypeptides acting li protein antigens. Txawm li cas los, optionally thawj thiab spatial qauv yuav tsum zoo ib yam li tej qho protein compound. Ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj yuav zaub antigenic thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub spatial qauv ntawm cov khib. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, polymers tsim los ntawm ib tug amino acid (homopolymers) tsis muaj lub thaj chaw ntawm eliciting ib lub cev tsis teb. Lub antigenic polypeptides muaj lub peev xwm yuav tshwm sim, tus tsim ntawm uas tus 2 amino acids yog muab kev koom tes.

kev tshawb fawb muaj lus nug

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug antigen? Classical Immunology hu no substance tag nrho cov cell ntawm cov tsiaj los yog kab mob keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb los ntawm ib tug tshuaj taw tes ntawm view. Hais saum toj no, uas yog ib tug antigen per se. Qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug tawb nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm nucleic acids, cov nqaijrog, polysaccharides. Tib neeg antigens tau nyob rau hauv lim daim ntawv no, muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau los ntxias ib lub cev tsis teb. Yog li ntawd nws yuav tsum hais kom meej rau ib qho biopolymer. Xav cov qauv ntawm cov kev dawb huv antigen nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg, tej thaum lawv tseem thereof yuav tsum tau piav raws li ib tsev neeg ntawm kev sib txuas. Qhov no lub sij hawm tej zaum yuav siv thaum xa mus rau nthawv aggregating tej biopolymer. Piv txwv yog tej yam antigens ntawm cov kab mob los yog kab mob. Yog li, contractile protein flagella kab mob kab mob ntawm lub genus Salmonella flagellin yuav pom ob nyob rau hauv lub polymerized thiab monomeric daim ntawv. Thiab nyob rau hauv ob leeg lub antigen yuav induce tus tsim ntawm cov tshuaj, txawm lub fact tias cov tej yam kev mob rau qhov no yog sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub polymer fellagelina timusonezavisim thiab monomer - timusozavisim.

Kev sib txuas lus nrog ib tug molecular yuag

Nruab nws yuav tsuas yuav muab piv rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj. Piv txwv li, nws yog hais txog ntau yam ntawm cov nqaijrog muaj tib lub theem nrab thiab tertiary lug: fibrillar thiab globular. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob nws tseem tau mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug ncaj qha kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub polymer induce tus tsim ntawm cov tshuaj thiab nws cov molecular ceeb thawj. Qhov no txawv, txawm li cas los, yog tsis txog. Ntawm lwm yam, nws nyob ntawm lub lwm yam compound zog, ob qho tib si tshuaj lom neeg thiab lom.

Lub degree ntawm manifestation ntawm cov khoom

Cov heev ntawm lub antigenic yam ntxwv ntawm cov nqaijrog uas ua raws li cov feem ntau uas nws kim heev thiab tseem ceeb hauv chav kawm ntawv yuav yog nyob ntawm seb cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm remoteness los ntawm cov evolutionary standpoint pub, los ntawm uas nws tau txais lub compound thiab cov neeg tau kev pab rau leej twg nws yog xeem. Yog comparative tsom xam yuav yuav tsuas yog nyob hauv rooj plaub yog hais tias tus tib hom siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev luj xyuas ntawm lub substance. Piv txwv li, yog tias ntshiab albumin nas thiab tib neeg txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nas, nyob rau hauv thawj cov lus teb yuav muaj ntau pronounced. Yog hais tias lub biopolymer yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau zog rhiab heev rau cleavage, nws cov khoom yuav tsum tsawg pronounced tshaj hais tias ntawm ib yam khoom uas seeb ntau dua kuj mus enzymatic hydrolysis. Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov khoom cua polypeptides los yog protein conjugates li antigens, ntau pronounced yuav cov lus teb rau ib yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv uas muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li uas tsis yog-ntuj D-amino acids. Cov tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub manifestation ntawm lub cev lo lus teb yog muab genotype ntawm tus neeg.

determinant pab pawg neeg

Cov zajlus qhia molecular biopolymer, ib tug hluavtaws analogue ntawd, los yog ib tug conjugated antigen uas paub los ntawm B lymphocyte antigen-losis tswvyim dabtsi receptors thiab antibodies. Cov qauv yog feem ntau tam sim no ob peb determinant pawg sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Txhua yam uas lawv yuav tau rov qab ob peb zaug. Yog hais tias lub compound ntawm lub molecule tsuas yog ib pab pawg neeg yog tam sim no muaj ib lub qauv, lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws yuav tsis tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem zuj zus qhov zoo tib yam systems yuav loj hlob thiab lub cev lo lus teb rau lawv. Txawm li cas los, txoj kev no yuav mus rau ib tug tej yam taw tes, tom qab uas nws yuav tsis kam thiab tej zaum yuav kiag li tsis tau pom tom qab. Qhov no tshwm sim tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev siv ntawm conjugated antigens nrog rau ntau yam substituents, ua hauj lwm pab pawg neeg determinant. Qhaj ntawv ntawm ib lub cev tsis teb rau biopolymers uas muaj epitope ceev yog vim lub mechanism ntawm kom ntawm lymphocytes nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg.

Carcinoembryonic antigen

Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov ntau ntau yam ntawm cov nqaijrog ntawm tej ntaub so ntswg, uas nyob rau hauv cov neeg noj qab yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug me me volume ntawm ib co ntawm lub cev hlwb. Cea rau lawv tshuaj qauv yog ib tug ua ke ntawm carbohydrates thiab protein. Nws lub sij hawm rau cov neeg laus tsis paub hais tias. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm me nyuam hauv plab daim ntawv nws heev sib tsim lub nruab nrog digestive system, thaum lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb txaus ua hauj lwm. Lawv txheeb tus stimulation ntawm cell division. Carcinoembryonic antigen kuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub digestive kabmob, tab sis nyob rau hauv sufficiently pluas me me. Lub npe ntawm qhov no zoo ntawm lub qog marker characterizes cov xwm, tiam sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov khoom uas yog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ib tug kuaj txoj kev tshawb no. Lub sij hawm "embryo" yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub physiological txoj kev sib tw thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xeeb lub sij hawm, "antigen" qhia tau qhia kom paub txog nws lom kua siv immunochemical losis tswvyim dabtsi txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub cev, nws tsis qhia tej yam khoom. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv ib tug noj qab nyob zoo kab mob Cea concentration yog txaus tsawg. Tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub cancer txheej txheem cov theem nce heev sharply, xeeb ib tug ncaj loj kev ua tau zoo. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yog tsiag ntawv raws li ib tug cov ntaub so ntswg marker ntawm oncological pathologies, los yog mob marker.

Cea

Analysis ntawm antigen siv nyob rau hauv qhov mob ntawm ntau yam phem neoplasms, mas cancer quav thiab cov nyuv. Ib txoj kev tshawb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm pathologies nyob rau hauv saib xyuas hauv chav kawm ntawm tus kab mob thiab saib xyuas cov efficiency ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm mob cancer ntawm cov nyuv thiab qhov quav yus muaj los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws rhiab heev kuaj. Nws tso cai rau siv nyob rau hauv cov thawj kuaj mob. Tom qab ib tug muaj kev vam meej cov lag luam kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov mob cov ntaub so ntswg concentration ntawm Cea bounces rov qab ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm ob lub hlis. Tsis tu ncua kev ntsuam xyuas tom qab tso cai rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tus neeg mob tus mob tom qab txais kev kho mob. Nov ntawm theem ntawm Cea tso cai raws sij hawm qhia kom paub txog recurrent kab mob. Los ntawm kev txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm antigen thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kho cov kws txawj xaus rau cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm tshuaj los.

Ua lub concentration ntawm Cea: pathologies li

Txawm li cas los, lub xeem tsis yog xam tau tias yog rau hlav kiag li meej. Ua rau theem ntawm kev Cea tau cai tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm ntau yam kab mob ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev nrog inflammatory thiab lwm yam xwm. Nyob rau hauv 20-50% ntawm cov neeg mob nrog benign pathologies txiav, hnyuv, lub ntsws thiab lub siab ntawm lub antigen concentration qab me ntsis. Tib yam yog pom nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm mob npuas paug, kab mob siab, ulcerative mob plab, cystic fibrosis, mob hawb pob, bronchitis, Crohn tus kab mob, pancreatitis, mob ntsws, kab mob autoimmune, tuberculosis. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov theem ntawm kev nce tej zaum yuav tsis nyob ntawm tus kab mob, thiab, piv txwv li, ib tug tsis tu ncua tsawg ntawm cov dej cawv los sis haus luam yeeb.

Nta ntawm ntshav

Lub ntsiab ntawm lawv yog cov tseem thiab tus kheej, uas muaj antigens ntawm erythrocytes. Thaum incompatibility biopolymers neeg tau kev pab thiab pub ntshav yog txwv tsis pub. Txwv tsis pub inevitable pathological dab thiab txawm tuag ntawm tus neeg mob. Lub immunogenetics xeem thiab txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov ntshav liab ntawm tes antigens siv txoj kev ntawm serological kev ntsuam xyuas. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hemolysis, los nag, agglutination. Erythrocyte noob uas hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov complex biopolymer macromolecules. Lawv noog nyob rau hauv lub stroma (plhaub) thiab kev cob cog rua rau lwm molecules ntawm lub tebchaw. Rau txhua cim tshwj xeeb ntawm tus neeg tshuaj nyob tus yeees thiab cov qauv ntawm nws tus kheej.