Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho agglutinative hom lus?

Ob peb enthusiasts kawm cov lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv lub hom phiaj. Feem ntau txhua leej txhua tus yog xav cia li sib tham nrog neeg txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus es tsis to taub yog vim li cas tus verbs thiab adjectives coj ib txoj kev los sis lwm. Cuaj kaum linguistics yog tsis tshua muaj nthuav thiab pab teb cov lus nug xws li: "lus Askiv - inflectional los yog agglutinative?" Tswv yim siv rau lub sau nyob rau hauv no me ntsis, tab sis yog, to taub nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, yuav tsum to taub raws li "ua hauj lwm" yam lus, thiab mus txuas ntxiv tshawb lawv twb yuav luag intuitively.

Keeb kwm lug

Zoo tib yam neeg cia li sib txuas lus tsis muaj cais yuav ua li cas lawv ua tau, thiab yog vim li cas tej yam kev qhia yog tsim los pab xws li, lawv yog. Cuaj kaum, muaj cov neeg uas xav li cas kev cai yog cov sib txawv dialects yog ua tau. Thiab cov neeg uas twb xav rau nws ntev ua ntej peb lub sij hawm, cia invented lub science peb paub niaj hnub no raws li linguistics. Nws yog tam sim no tsis yooj yim rau hais tias leej twg muab cov hauv paus hniav, vim hais tias hnub no qhov kev qhuab qhia yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug zoo tus naj npawb ntawm cov ceg ntoo. Tab sis raws li deb raws li niaj hnub lug, nws tsim yuav hu ua American tus paub txog Leonarda Blumfilda. Nws activism tuaj thaum pib ntawm lub XX caug xyoo, thiab nws muaj peev xwm yuav txhawb nws cov thwjtim tsis tsuas mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lawv ua daim ntawv thov.

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm ua typology uas yus cov lus raws li ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg tsim rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug heev pa tej yam tshwm sim, nws twb tsis kam lees. Qhov teeb meem no twb tsis tau muab cov xim kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab XX xyoo pua, thaum nws txais lub tshiab kev faib raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim Fridriha Shlegelya thiab Wilhelm von Humboldt. Morphological hom lus - amorphous, agglutinative, inflected - tseem ceeb cia li kawg. Nws yog nrog ib co ntxiv thiab tseem yuav tsum tau siv niaj hnub no.

Hom ntawm Niaj hnub nimno Kawm Lwm Yam Lus

Niaj hnub nimno linguistics siv cov nram qab no kev faib:

1. grammatical nta :

• analytical;
• hluavtaws.

2. Cov morphological nta:

• rwb thaiv tsev;
• agglutinative hom lus;
• inflectional los yog fusional;
• incorporative.

Yam no ob pawg yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb yuav luag tag nrho cov insulating lus coincide nrog lub analytic. Cuaj kaum, ntawm no nws yog suav tias yog sib txawv kiag li yam. Thiab morphology nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ntau npaum li cas nthuav.

agglutinative

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lug, tab sis kuj, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv biology. Tig mus rau Latin, uas yog, thiaj tau speak, lub "niam" ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas, ib tug literal translation yuav sound li "tsevneeg". Agglutinative hom lus qhia tias cov tsim ntawm tshiab lexical units yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw los ntawm attaching rau lub hauv paus los yog hauv paus ntawm lub lwm yam (affixes): .. lus, tsiaj ntawv ua pib, thiab lwm yam Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas txhua tus formant sau raws nkaus Ii tsuas yog ib qho muaj nuj nqis, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov suab tsis muaj kev zam nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm declension thiab conjugation. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov no hom yog cov laus thiab tsawg tsim piv nrog inflected. Txawm li cas los, muaj pov thawj thiab cov opposite taw tes ntawm view, li ntawd, tsuav yog tsis muaj yog vim li cas yuav tau xav txog ntau txheej thaum ub agglutinative lus.

Piv txwv yog muaj ntau haiv neeg: lub Finno-Ugric thiab Turkic, Mongolian thiab Korean, Japanese, Georgian, Indian thiab ib co African lub teb chaws, raws li tau zoo raws li feem ntau ntawm cov khoom cua adverbs (Esperanto, Ido) mus rau qhov no pab pawg neeg.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm agglutination yuav suav hais tias ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub Kyrgyz lus, uas muaj ib chav tsev ntawm cov phau ntawv txhais, uas yuav tsum tau pauv mus rau Lavxias teb sab li "dostoruma". "Dos" - hauv paus, uas txhais tau tias "phooj ywg". Ib feem ntawm lub "torus" yog hais txog mus rau lub plural. "Nco" Dais lub kos npe rau ntawm teej tug thawj tus neeg, uas yog "kuv". Thaum kawg, "ib tug" qhia lub dative. Cov no "kuv cov phooj ywg".

inflectional

Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no formant muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv derivation yuav nqa ob peb grammatical nta inseparably txuas. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus.

Lo lus "ntsuab" no yog qhov xaus -th, sib txuas rau txoj kev tshwm sim dative, zoo tshaj thiab masculine. Cov no yog hu ua tus formant inflections.

Feeb ntau, qhov no hom ntawm lus muaj xws li txhua ruaj khov Indo-European lus: German, Lavxias teb sab, Latin thiab Semitic thiab Sami pawg. Soj ntsuam ntawm pom tus qauv ntawm tsis inflections li hais lus txoj kev loj hlob. Piv txwv li, lub xeem English kuj zwm rau pab pawg neeg no, thiab tam sim no nws yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yuav luag analytical khaws cia ob peb vestiges. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm ib tug transformation yuav hu ua Armenian, twb pawg ho Caucasian adverbs thiab hloov dua siab tshiab rau lub pawg uas haum. Tam sim no nws agglutinative lus.

insulating

Rau no hom yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm yuav luag tiav qhaj ntawv los ntawm morphemes. Derivation feem ntau tshwm sim nrog ua lus nyob rau hauv kab lus txhav qauv thiab txawm raug.

Ib tug piv txwv zoo meej rau pawg no yog ib tug classical lus Suav nyob rau hauv uas peb tsis muaj ib yam raws li ib tug declination ntawm lub qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus thiab qhia txog kev ua tenses. Yuav kom qhia seb qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, los yog hais tias nws yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kev siv sij hawm thiab circumstance tej zaum haumxeeb lus. Yuav kom qhia qhov accessories siv ligaments, thiab sau tej teeb meem - tshwj xeeb hais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug kom to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no tiav los ntawm ib qho nyuaj lo lus txiav txim. Ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem no yog pom nyob rau hauv Nyab Laj, Khmer, Nplog.

Heev ze no hom thiab lus Askiv, yog yuav luag ua poob lawm cov cim ntawm inflection.

incorporated

Qhov no kuj tshiab qeb, yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub classical typology, nws muaj ntau npaum li cas nyob rau hauv ntau nrog agglutinative. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ob tug phenomena yog qhov xwm tib yam thiab yog feem ntau pom ua ke. Cuaj kaum linguistics distinguishes lawv, ntseeg hais tias yog agglutination muaj feem xyuam rau xwb lo lus, lub incorporation tau cai nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tswv yim, piv txwv li lub tsev yuav qhia txoj lus-nominal complex.

mixed

Nyias, hom yog tsis cais, preferring mus hu los yog lwm adverb hloov cov ntaub ntawv, yog hais tias lawv yog ob qho tib si tej yam tshwm sim ntawm inflection, thiab tej zaum yuav rau tej yam dej num raws li ib tug agglutinative lus. Qhov no Lavxias teb sab, Caucasian, Hamitic-Semitic, Bantu, North American thiab lwm tus. Lawv feem ntau yog raug xa mus rau raws li hluavtaws, specifying lub degree ntawm inflection.

Txawm nws yog, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau faib agglutinative, inflected, rwb thaiv tsev thiab kev siv lus nyob rau hauv nws cov purest daim ntawv. Ib txoj kev los sis lwm, yuav luag txhua txhua yam ntxwv yuav nqa lub me me nta ntawm tus so. Qhov no yog vim ob leeg mus rau lub evolution ntawm, thiab nrog rau cov nyob ze sis ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov qiv nyiaj thiab tracing.

txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lus

Rau ob peb lub xyoo lawm, soj ntsuam ntawm theorize hais txog dab tsi hom yuav tau xav txog ntau niaj hnub thiab sophisticated. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj teeb meem loj kev kawm nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia tsis yog tsis tau. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus tej zaum yuav hloov typology, tej zaum txawm ob peb lub sij hawm. Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv ib co taw tes yog vim li cas hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cais muab ze li ntawm ib nrab xyoo.

Cuaj kaum, qhov lub ntsiab lus xwb yog heev entertaining, thiab niaj hnub linguistics muaj ob peb lwm yam kev theories:

• Convergent evolution. Nws yog assumed tias txhua hom lus muaj los ntawm nws tus kheej cov kev cai, kis tau thiab poob rau ntau yam nta los ntawm uas nws yuav ntaus nqi mus rau ntau hom. Nyob rau hauv no analogy thiab coincidence nrog rau lwm cov adverbs feem ntau lo lus.
• Muab Kauv evolution. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias txhua txhua agglutinative lus nws thiaj li lem mus rau lub inflection. Ces nws maj mam poob, nws yog hloov mus rau hauv ib qho insulating hom. Tom qab ntawd cov lus dua nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm mus rov qab mus rau agglutination.