Yuav ua li cas yog counter-kho kom zoo thiab nws yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia

Qhov thib ob tus tub ntawm Alexander II coj lub zwm txwv tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus tij laug. Nws twb tsis tau npaj los kav, dua li no, nws reign nyob rau hauv Russia twb cim los ntawm ntau yam txheej xwm uas coj heev contradictory txim. Alexander III nullified lub mas thiab kev ywj pheej ua tau ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm nws Russia kawm dab tsi rau ib tug counter-kho kom zoo thiab muaj lub txim ntawm lub conservative tsoom fwv.

Tsim ntawm tus huab tais txoj kev ntseeg

Nom tswv views ntawm Alexander III raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog tus ntawm nws tus neeg saib xyuas thiab cob K. Pobedonostsev. Qhov no odious politician txwv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab mentality ntawm Western European kev tseem ceeb. Tsoom fwv hauv zos nws suav hais tias tsis tseem ceeb, lawv txim - "tham khw", los ntawm uas yuav tsum tau tshem ntawm. Cov neeg, nyob rau hauv kev to taub Pobedonostsev yuav tsum tau mus rau hauv lub txiv-sovereign. Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws autocracy saib sovereign ntshai li tsuas yog txoj cai, thiab tej sib txawv los ntawm lub chav kawm, raws li nws, yuav ua kom puas hauv lub xeev thiab plunge rau hauv lub teb chaws mus rau hauv chaos.

Tej zaum yav tom ntej huab tais yuav tsis tau nug cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Pobedonostsev, tab sis lub tua neeg ntawm nws tus txiv, Alexander II ntawm, thawb lub autocratic pas ntsuas los unambiguous cov lus xaus. Alexander III txiav txim siab hais tias tus liberalization ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg yog tsis yooj yim sua, thiab kev sib raug zoo kho - yog txaus ntshai thiab ua rau anarchy.

Cov nom tswv kawg ntawm Alexander III

Lub ntsiab theses ntawm cov nom tswv cov hoob kawm ntawm Alexander III twb raws li nram no:

• Strengthening ntawm autocracy, lub strengthening ntawm cov tswj lub observance ntawm caste kev txiav txim, lub expansion ntawm lub noble chav kawm ntawv tsim nyog tau.
• Cov kev tshem tawm los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm mas politicians.
• Political system Russia pib kom tau cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug tub ceev xwm hauv lub xeev. Counter-kho ntawm Alexander III coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Security department. Lub Tsar tus tub ceev xwm saib cov nom tswv mus ob peb vas kev kawm, tswj, thiab yog hais tias tsim nyog - thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob objectionable kev ua si tsis muaj mus sib hais.

• Active Russification ntawm lub teb chaws suburbs thiab tshiab khiv annexed territories. Qhov kev ntsuas no yog ua kom puas tej kev sim los lawv lub teb chaws tus kev ywj pheej thiab lub teb chaws yog leej twg. Suppressed lub tswv yim ntawm ib lub teb chaws tej ntaub ntawv, kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab - lub teb chaws cov nuj nqis rau nws tus kheej pom tau hais tias hais tias qhov no counter-kho kom zoo thiab dab tsi yog qhov yuav tshwm.

Kho thiab counter-kho ntawm Alexander III tsis tiv thaiv nws kom siv ib tug heev kuas txawv teb chaws txoj cai kab. Cov zaj dab neeg nws hu ua tus neeg nyob sib haum, txij li thaum lawv xav tau ib tug thaj yeeb daws teeb meem ntawm ncaj qha tub rog tiv thaiv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus huab tais ntawm Russia tsis ua tub rog ua hauj lwm thiab tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tub rog alliances.

counter-kho kom zoo lub sij hawm

Kuj mus cov kev taw qhia ntawm European qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nom tswv kev txiav txim siab, tswj tus huab tais ntawm cov hoob kawm. 1880-1900 xyoo npe historians counterreforms lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws tso tseg ntau mas thawj kauj ruam thiab pom. Zog ntawm Guj kuj kawm dab tsi rau ib tug counter-kho kom zoo, thiab pib mus rau revive lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Nicholas I.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub counter-kho thiab yuav ua li cas lawv tau nqa tawm

Judicial counter-kho kom zoo ua hauj lwm tau muab ntau dua powers nyob rau hauv lub xaiv ntawm jurors. Governor tso cai cam tej juror tsis tau muab vim li cas. Nws twb tseem ua tswvcuab tseem ceeb kev txwv ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab kawm muaj cuab kav rau neeg ntsuam xyuas tau.

Counter-kho ntawm Alexander III kuj cuam tshuam lub zos nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv. Farmers tau tshuam txo cov nws cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv hauv zos, thiab mus rau lub roj ntsha nom tswv cajceg, on qhov tsis tooj, cov quota nce. Ntxiv circulars txia ua lub neeg xaiv nom system tau npaj, rau qhov tsim nyog uas yog los txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tsim nyog tau txais mus pov npav.

Txwv nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab luam ntawv heev tshuab mus rau lub Liberals, uas tseem tsis tau pom tau hais tias qhov no counter-kho kom zoo. Thaum teem ib lub hom phiaj los tiv thaiv lub strengthening ntawm mas cwj pwm nyob hauv zej zog, drastic ntsuas tau npaum li cas kom ceev tswj rau cov hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm. Kaw cov poj niam txoj kev kawm, universities yog deprived ntawm lawv txoj cai thiab kev ywj siab, muaj zog cov nqi kawm ntawv cov nqi thiab cov sab saum toj kev tswj ntawm universities tsa los ntawm saum toj no. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, raws li cov yeej "Nyob rau hauv ua noj cov me nyuam", lub qis kawm ntawv twb neeg deprived ntawm txoj cai tau txais kev kawm ntawv.

Lub ntsiab counter-kho kom zoo, cov lus uas yog qhia hauv qab no, kom meej meej piav qhia txog tag nrho cov loj nta ntawm cov kev ua ntawm tus huab tais nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau lub autocratic tub ceev xwm.

Counter-kho ntawm Alexander III. tau

Qhov tsim nyog ntawm domestic txoj cai Alexandra tu plaub yog tus txheeb ze stabilization ntawm lub sab hauv nom tswv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Tab sis lub siab xav rau txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev cai ywj pheej tsis ploj - nws cia pob tawg lawm nyob rau hauv lub expanses ntawm Russia, tuaj faiv fab tso lub tub ntawm Alexander III - Nicholas II.