X-ray qhov chaw. Yog lub X-ray raj qhov chaw ntawm ionizing tawg?

Thoob plaws hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb muaj tus kab mob tas li raug cosmic rays thiab kawm ntawv rau lawv nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm radionuclides, thiab tawg thoob plaws hauv lub lawm tab tshuaj. Niaj hnub nimno lub neej yog tom mus rau lub tag nrho cov nta thiab cov kev txwv ntawm cov ib puag ncig, xws li los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso los ntawm cov X-rays.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias theem ntawm hluav taws xob, ntawm chav kawm, muaj teeb meem rau lub cev, tej yam ntawm hluav taws xob yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub neej. Piv txwv li, cov tom qab tawg tau contributed rau siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lom evolution. Tsis tas li ntawd cuab kev yog qhov tseeb hais tias lub tshav kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus ntxhais yog muab thiab khaws cia los ntawm cov hniav lwj thaum tshav kub kub ntawm lub thawj, lawm tab radionuclides.

cosmic rays

Tawg ntawm extraterrestrial keeb kwm, uas tsis tu ncua bombard lub ntiaj teb, hu ua lub cosmic.

Lub fact tias cov tob tob tawg ntog rau peb ntiaj chaw ntawm sab qhov chaw, tab sis tsis yog los ntawm terrestrial keeb kwm, twb pom nyob rau hauv sim kawm los ntsuas tus ionization txawv altitudes, los ntawm hiav txwv theem rau 9,000 m. Nws hais tias cov kev siv ntawm cov ionizing tawg twb txo mus rau ib qhov siab ntawm 700 m, thiab mus txuas ntxiv nce sai heev zog. Cov thawj zaug poob yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm terrestrial gamma rays thiab qhov kev nce - cosmic.

X-ray qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no yog raws li nram no:

• pab pawg neeg galaxies;
• Seyfert galaxies;
• lub hnub;
• hnub qub;
• quasars;
• dub qhov;
• supernova remnants;
• dawb dwarfs;
• tsaus hnub qub thiab lwm tus neeg.

Pov thawj ntawm tej tawg, piv txwv li, yog ua rau kom cov cosmic hluav taws xob siv cai nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tom qab flares. Tab sis peb lub hnub qub tsis yog ib tug loj contributor rau tag nrho cov flux, raws li nws hnub variations yog heev me me.

Ob hom kab teeb

Cosmic rays raug muab faib ua thawj thiab. Tawg tsis nrog teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov cua los yog hydrosphere lithosphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb, hu ua cov thawj. Nws muaj protons (≈ 85%) thiab alpha-hais (≈ 14%), nrog rau me npaum li cas flows (<1%) hnyav zog nuclei. Secondary cosmic X rays, tawg qhov chaw uas - cov thawj tawg thiab cov cua muaj subatomic hais xws li pions, muons thiab electrons. Thaum hiav txwv theem, yuav luag tag nrho cov cai tawg comprises theem nrab cosmic rays 68% ntawm cov uas yog lees paub rau muons thiab 30% - los ntawm electrons. Tsawg tshaj li 1% ntawm cov khiav ntawm lub hiav txwv theem muaj protons.

Primary cosmic rays yuav muaj zoo kawg li kinetic zog. Lawv zoo them thiab tau zog vim acceleration nyob rau hauv magnetic teb. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm qhov chaw them hais yuav muaj sia nyob ntev, thiab koj mus tsheej lab ntawm lub teeb xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub davhlau, lawv tau siab kinetic zog ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 2-30 GeV (1 GeV = 10 ⁹ eV). Cov hais muaj energies mus txog rau 10 ¹⁰ GeV.

Lub siab lub zog ntawm cov thawj cosmic rays tso cai rau lawv mus cia phua lub kev sib tsoo ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Nrog rau neutrons, protons, thiab subatomic hais peev xwm yuav tsim sib zog hais xws li hydrogen, Helium, thiab beryllium. Muons yeej ib txwm them, thiab sai sai lwj rau hauv electrons los yog positrons.

magnetic ntaub thaiv npog

Cov kev siv cov cosmic rays nrog tus sawv sharply mus cuag ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm txog 20 km. 20 km mus rau lub sab saum toj ntawm cov cua (mus txog 50 km), cov kev siv tau tsawg.

Qhov no txawv yog vim muaj zog zus ntawm ob tawg los ntawm kev ua cov huab cua ceev. Nyob hauv ib lub qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm 20 km feem coob ntawm cov thawj tawg tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sis raug zoo, thiab kev siv txo los ntawm 20 km mus rau hiav txwv theem qhia lub uptake ntawm ob beams cua, sib npaug kom txog 10-meter dej txheej.

Lub tawg siv no kuj hais txog latitude. Nyob rau tib lub altitude cosmic txaus nce los ntawm qhov ncaj mus latitude 50-60 ° thiab tseem tu ncua mus txog rau lub tug. Qhov no yog vim tus duab ntawm lub magnetic teb ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub tsev ntawm cov thawj tawg lub hwj chim. Sib Nqus kab ntawm kev quab yuam tshaj lub ntuj kaaj quas lug yog feem ntau thaum uas tig mus rau lub ntiaj teb nto ntawm qhov ncaj thiab perpendicular mus rau lub tug. Them hais yooj yim txav ze magnetic teb kab, tab sis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv kov yeej nws cov transverse kev taw qhia. Los ntawm cov tug mus rau 60 °, zoo tag nrho cov ntawm cov thawj tawg nce mus txog lub ntiaj teb huab cua, thiab nyob qhov ncaj xwb hais nrog energies tshaj 15 GeV, yuav txeem los ntawm lub magnetic ntaub thaiv npog.

Secondary qhov chaw ntawm X-rays

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sis raug zoo ntawm cosmic rays nrog teeb meem tsis tu ncua ua ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm radionuclides. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov tawg tsam, tab sis ib txhia ntawm lawv raug tsim los ntawm ua kom cov ruaj khov atoms nrog neutrons thiab muons. Ntuj zus tau tej cov radionuclides nyob rau hauv cov cua sau raws nkaus Ii qhov kev siv ntawm cosmic tawg ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj thiab latitude. Hais txog 70% ntawm lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub stratosphere, thiab 30% - nyob rau hauv lub troposphere.

Tsuas yog rau H-3 thiab C-14, radionuclides yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv heev me me ntau. Tritium yog diluted thiab tov nrog dej thiab H 2, thiab C-14 xyaws nrog rau oxygen mus rau daim ntawv CO _2, uas yog tov nrog rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide cua. Carbon-14 nkag mus rau cov nroj tsuag los ntawm photosynthesis.

tawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb

Ntawm ntau radionuclides uas tsim lub ntiaj teb, tsuas yog ib tug ob peb muaj ib tug ib nrab-lub neej ntev txaus los mus piav qhia lawv cov tam sim no cov hav zoov. Yog hais tias lub ntiaj teb no twb tsim txog 6 billion xyoo dhau los, lawv mus nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv feem cuam ntau, yuav tsum tau ib tug ib nrab-lub neej muaj tsawg kawg yog 100 lab lub xyoo. Ntawm cov thawj radionuclides, uas yog tseem pom, peb yog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. X-ray qhov chaw yog ib tug K-40, U-238 thiab Th-232. Uranium thiab thorium lwj saw, txhua daim ntawv khoom uas muaj yuav luag ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub thawj isotope. Txawm tias muaj ntau yam ntawm tus ntxhais radionuclides yog cov luv luv-nyob, lawv muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, vim hais tias nws yog lossi tsim los ntawm qhov ntev-lived precursors.

Lwm yam long-lived thawj X-ray qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv luv luv, yog nyob rau hauv heev uas tsis muaj ntau. Qhov no Rb-87, La-138, Ce-142, Sm-147, Lu-176, thiab hais txog. D. Lawm tshwm sim neutrons tsim ntau lwm radionuclides, tab sis lawv cov concentration yog feem ntau heev uas tsis muaj. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm Oklo nyob rau hauv Gabon, Africa, nyob pov thawj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm "natural reactor" nyob rau hauv uas nuclear tshua tshwm sim. Havzoov ntawm U-235 thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm fission cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub nplua nuj uranium deposits, qhia tau tias txog 2 billion xyoo dhau los, muaj coj qhov chaw nthawv ua ib cov saw tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tus thawj radionuclides yog ubiquitous, lawv concentration nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw. Lub ntsiab reservoir ntawm tej yam ntuj tso radioactivity yog lub lithosphere. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub lithosphere nws mas nws txawv considerably. Tej zaum nws yog txuam nrog tej hom ntawm tebchaw thiab minerals, tej zaum - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog regionally, nrog me ntsis correlation nrog lub hom pob zeb thiab minerals.

Faib cov thawj radionuclides thiab lawv tus ntxhais cov khoom nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems nyob ntawm ntau yam, xws li cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub nuclides, lub cev yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub ecosystem, raws li zoo raws li physiological thiab ecological cwj pwm ntawm muaj thiab fauna. Weathering ntawm pob zeb, lawv lub ntsiab reservoir khoom siv cov av U, Th thiab K. Th thiab U lwj cov khoom tseem noj ib feem nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam. Ntawm av K, Ra, U me ntsis, thiab heev me ntsis Th absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv siv poov tshuaj-40 raws li zoo raws li ruaj khov thiab K. Radium, U-238 lwj khoom, siv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsis vim hais tias nws yog ib qho isotope, thiab vim nws yog sib zoo xws li cov calcium. Haum ntawm uranium thiab thorium nroj tsuag yog feem ntau me me, vim tej no radionuclides yog feem ntau insoluble.

saib puas muaj radon

Feem ntau cov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tawg lub caij yog cov mov thiab ntxhiab, invisible cov roj, uas yog 8 lub sij hawm hnyav dua cov huab cua, saib puas muaj radon. Nws muaj ob lub ntsiab isotopes - saib puas muaj radon-222, ib tug ntawm cov hniav lwj cov khoom ntawm U-238 thiab Radon-220, tsim los ntawm cov hniav lwj los ntawm Th-232.

Pob zeb, av, nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu emit saib puas muaj radon rau hauv lub chaw. Cov pa roj yog ib yam khoom ntawm cov hniav lwj los ntawm radium, thiab ua nyob rau hauv tej ntaub ntawv uas muaj nws. Txij li thaum tus ntxhiab - inert roj, tej zaum nws yuav tsum cais chaw nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov cua. Tus nqi ntawm cov saib puas muaj radon, uas emanates los ntawm ib tug muab pawg ntawm cov pob zeb nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov radium thiab deg hauv cheeb tsam. Tus me dua cov yug menyuam, qhov ntau nws yuav tso saib puas muaj radon. RN concentration hauv cov huab cua nyob ze radiysoderzhaschimi ntaub ntawv yog tseem nyob saum huab cua tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv chav qab lawj, qhov tsua thiab mines, uas muaj ib tug huab cua tsis kev, lub concentration ntawm saib puas muaj radon yuav ncav cuag tseem ceeb theem.

RN sai sai decomposes thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug series ntawm tus ntxhais radionuclides. Tom qab tsim ntawm atmospheric saib puas muaj radon lwj khoom uas koom nrog me me ntawm hmoov av, uas settles rau hauv av thiab cov nroj tsuag, thiab yog nqus tau cov pa los ntawm cov tsiaj. Nag tshwj xeeb zoo kev dawb huv los ntawm cov pa tej ntsiab, tiam sis cov kev sib tsoo thiab deposition ntawm aerosol hais yeej txhawb lawv cov deposition.

Nyob rau hauv temperate climates, lub concentration ntawm saib puas muaj radon hauv tsev nyob rau nruab nrab txog 5-10 lub sij hawm siab tshaj nraum zoov.

Tshaj yav dhau los ob peb xyoo lawm, tus txiv neej "artificially" ua ob peb puas radionuclides nrog X-ray tawg qhov chaw, lub zog thiab daim ntaub ntawv uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, ua tub rog, lub hwj chim tiam, thiab instrumentation rau mineral kev tshawb kawm.

Cov teebmeem ntawm tus txiv neej-ua tawg qhov chaw txawv heev. Feem ntau cov neeg tau txais ib tug kuj me me koob tshuaj ntawm cov khoom cua tawg, tab sis ib txhia - ntau txhiab lub sij hawm cov tawg ntawm tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw. Tus txiv neej-ua qhov chaw yog zoo dua tshuaj tshaj tej yam ntuj tso.

X-ray qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj

Cov muaj thiab kev kho mob siv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tsuas yog ntshiab radionuclides, uas simplifies cov cim ntawm txoj kev mus paim quav ntawm cia qhov chaw thiab pov tseg cov txheej txheem.

tawg daim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog thoob plaws thiab yuav muaj feem muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem. Qhov no muaj xws li X-ray qhov chaw siv rau hauv cov tshuaj rau:

• diagnostics;
• txoj kev kho;
• analytical cov txheej txheem;
• lus sib laws liag.

Rau diagnostic siv raws li private qhov chaw, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej tracers. Health chaw feem ntau qhov txawv hauv daim ntawv thov raws li radiology thiab nuclear tshuaj.

Yog lub X-ray raj qhov chaw ntawm ionizing tawg? Xoo tomography thiab fluoroscopy - ib tug zoo-paub diagnostic cov txheej txheem uas yog ua nrog nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev kho mob radiography, muaj ntau ntau daim ntawv sau npe isotope qhov chaw xws li gamma thiab beta, thiab sim neutron qhov chaw rau tus neeg mob qhov twg X-ray machines yog tsis yooj yim, misplaced, los yog tej zaum yuav txaus ntshai. Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm ecology, X-ray tawg yog tsis txaus ntshai raws li ntev raws li nws qhov chaw nyob twj ywm accountable thiab pov tseg ntawm kom zoo. Nyob rau hauv no hwm, zaj dab neeg hais radium, saib puas muaj radon thiab koob radiysoderzhaschih luminescent tebchaw yog tsis txhawb.

X-ray qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ⁹⁰ Sr los yog ¹⁴⁷ Pm kheev siv. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ²⁵² mob CF lub cev raws li ib tug portable neutron generator neutron radiography ua muaj dav, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov qauv no yog tseem ntau nyob rau cov nyob rau ntawm nuclear reactors.

nuclear tshuaj

Qhov txaus ntshai ntawm cov ib puag ncig tej yam yog radioisotope ntawv nyob rau hauv nuclear tshuaj thiab X-ray qhov chaw. Piv txwv undesirable nyhuv nram qab no:

• irradiation ntawm tus neeg mob;
• raug ntawm lub tsev kho mob cov neeg ua;
• irradiation thaum thauj tej pharmaceuticals;
• tej yam nyob rau hauv lub tsim txoj kev;
• tej yam ntawm tej twj.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los muaj lawm ib tug ib txwm mus txo rau kis ntawm cov neeg mob los ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm luv luv-nyob isotopes ntau narrowly teem ua ub no thiab kev siv ntawm ntau heev laus cov khoom.

Me ib nrab-lub neej thiaj li muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej pov tseg vim feem ntau ntawm cov long-lived ntsiab yog tso zis los ntawm ob lub raum.

Thaj, tej yam rau cov ib puag ncig los ntawm tus sewerage system tsis yog nyob ntawm seb seb tus neeg mob yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob los yog kho nyob rau hauv ib tug pw hauv paus. Txawm tias feem ntau ntawm cov emissions ntawm tej lub ntsiab yog yuav tsum luv luv-lub sij hawm, loj zus nyhuv ho tshaj lub theem ntawm cov pa phem ntawm tag nrho cov nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag ua ke.

Cov feem ntau siv radionuclides nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj - X-ray qhov chaw:

• ^99m TC - PP lub pob txha taub hau thiab lub hlwb, cerebral ntshav Scan, lub plawv, lub siab, lub ntsws, cov thyroid caj pas, placental localization;
• ¹³¹ Kuv - ntshav, siab scan, placental localization, PP thiab kev kho mob ntawm lub qog;
• ⁵¹ Kr - kev txiav txim ntawm duration ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov ntshav liab los yog sequestration, ntshav ntim;
• ⁵⁷ Co - Schilling qauv;
• ³² P - metastasized rau cov pob txha.

Thoob plaws siv ntawm radioimmunoassay cov txheej txheem tawg tsom xam ntawm cov zis thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb txoj kev siv sau tias organic tebchaw ho nce kev siv ntawm ib tug ua kua-scintillation npaj. Organic phosphorus kev daws teeb meem no feem ntau yog raws li nyob rau hauv toluene los yog xylene, roos ib tug ncaj loj loj ntim ntawm cov kua organic pov tseg uas yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Ua nyob rau hauv cov kua daim ntawv no, yog muaj kev piam sij thiab environmentally tsis tsim nyog. Vim li no, nyiam yog muab rau nkim incineration.

Txij li thaum ntev-nyob ³ H los yog ¹⁴ C nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov ib puag ncig, lawv cov nyhuv yog nyob rau hauv lub cev ntau. Tab sis lub cumulative nyhuv yuav ua tau ntau yam pauv loj.

Lwm cov kev kho mob siv cov radionuclides - kev siv cov plutonium roj teeb rau pacemakers lub hwj chim. Txhiab tus neeg tseem ciaj sia niaj hnub no ua tsaug rau lub fact tias cov pab kiag li lawm pab khiav lawv lub siab lub ntsws. Ntim qhov chaw ²³⁸ Pu (150 GBq) surgically implanted rau hauv cov neeg mob.

Muaj X-ray tawg: qhov chaw, cov khoom thiab cov kev siv

Tshuaj - tsis yog cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas pom cov kev siv ntawm no yog ib feem ntawm lub electromagnetic spectrum. Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm tus txiv neej-ua tawg puag ncig yog siv nyob rau hauv industrial radioisotopes thiab X-ray qhov chaw. Piv txwv ntawm daim ntawv thov no:

• muaj radiography;
• tawg ntsuas;
• pa luam yeeb detectors;
• self-luminous ntaub ntawv;
• X-ray crystallography;
• scanners rau xyuas hnab nqa taug kev thiab nqa-on hnab nqa taug kev;
• X-ray lasers;
• synchrotrons;
• cyclotrons.

Txij li thaum feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau npe koom nrog qhov kev siv ntawm encapsulated isotopes, irradiation yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los, hloov lwm lub tsev, txij nkawm thiab siv.

Yog lub X-ray raj qhov chaw ntawm ionizing tawg nyob rau hauv kev lag luam? Yog, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-tug tshav dav hlau tswj systems, nyob rau hauv siv lead ua kev tshawb fawb, cov ntaub ntawv thiab lug, muaj kev soj ntsuam. Tshaj yav dhau los xyoo caum, lub koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob kis nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab kev lag luam tau mus txog ib nrab ntawm cov nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas no nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj; yog li ntawd, ib tug tseem ceeb pab.

Encapsulated X-ray qhov chaw los ntawm lawv tus kheej muaj me ntsis cov nyhuv. Tab sis lawv kev thauj mus los thiab pov tseg alarming thaum lawv poob los yog ntawd ces muab pov tseg rau hauv lub dustbin. Tej X-ray qhov chaw no feem ntau yog nkag thiab ntsia tau rau hauv ib tug muab ob npaug rau-kaw discs los yog thooj voos kheej kheej. Lub tsiav tshuaj no yog ua los ntawm stainless steel thiab yuav tsum tau periodic soj ntsuam rau txia. Recycling yuav ua tau ib qho teeb meem. Short-lived qhov chaw muaj peev xwm cawm thiab hniav lwj, tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv yuav tsum tau raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, thiab cov seem active khoom yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawv pov thawj chaw. Txwv tsis pub, lub tsiav tshuaj yuav tsum tau xa mus rau tshwj xeeb hauv tsev. Lawv thickness txiav txim seb tus loj ntawm lub active khoom thiab cov X-ray qhov chaw ib feem.

Cia qhov chaw X-ray qhov chaw

Ib tug loj hlob teeb meem yog cov muaj kev ruaj ntseg decommissioning thiab tshem tej paug uas muaj qhov chaw nyob qhov twg tej ntaub ntawv no yog muab cia rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Yeej nws yav tas los ua qhauj rau cov zauv nuclear cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis yuav tsum yog ib feem ntawm lwm yam lag luam, xws li factories rau zus tau tej cov self-luminous tritium tej yam tshwm sim.

Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov teeb meem yog qhov ntev-nyob low-level qhov chaw, uas yog dav faib. Piv txwv li, lub ²⁴¹ Am yog siv nyob rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb detectors. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus saib puas muaj radon yog lub ntsiab X-ray qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Ib tus zuj zus lawv tsis txhob ua tej kev txaus ntshai, tab sis ib tug tseem ceeb pes tsawg tus ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.

nuclear explosions

Tshaj yav dhau los 50 xyoo, txhua tus twb raug mus rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm tej fallout los ntawm nuclear riam phom soj ntsuam. Lawv peaked nyob rau hauv 1954-1958 thiab 1961-1962 xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv 1963, peb lub teb chaws (USSR, Teb chaws USA thiab Great teb chaws Aas Kiv) kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv ib tug ib nrab txiav npluav rau nuclear kev ntsuam xyuas nyob rau hauv cov cua, dej hiav txwv thiab txheej qhov chaw. Nyob rau tom ntej ob xyoo lawm, Fabkis thiab Tuam Tshoj ua ib tug series ntawm me npaum li cas kev nyuaj siab, uas ceased nyob rau hauv 1980. Underground kev ntsuam xyuas yog tseem ua, tab sis lawv feem ntau tsis ua rau nag lossis daus.

Tej kab mob sib kis tom qab atmospheric kev ntsuam xyuas lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob ze ntawm lub qhov chaw ntawm cov tawg. Nyob rau hauv ib feem, lawv nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub troposphere thiab yog nqa los ntawm cov cua thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau tib lub latitude. Thaum peb mus, lawv poob mus rau hauv av, nyob rau txog ib lub hlis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Tab sis qhov zoo tshaj plaws ib feem yog thawb mus rau hauv lub stratosphere, qhov twg muaj kuab paug tseem rau ntau lub hlis, thiab nws txo qis maj mam thoob plaws lub ntiaj chaw.

Lub fallout muaj xws li pua pua ntawm cov sib txawv radionuclides, tab sis tsuas yog ob peb yam uas lawv muaj peev xwm kom ua rau tib neeg lub cev, yog li lawv loj yog heev me me, thiab cov hniav lwj yog sai. C-14, Cs-137, Zr-95 thiab Sr-90 yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Zr-95 muaj ib tug ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 64 hnub, thiab lub Cs-137 thiab Sr-90 - txog 30 xyoo. Tsuas yog cov pa roj carbon-14 nrog ib tug ib nrab neej ntawm 5730 xyoo yuav nyob twj ywm kom nquag plias nyob rau hauv lub deb yav tom ntej.

nuclear zog

Nuclear zog yog lub feem ntau cov muaj teeb meem ntawm tag nrho cov txiv neej-ua qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob, tiam sis nws muaj ib tug heev me me pab rau tej yam nyob rau hauv tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Thaum lub sij hawm ib txwm ua hauj lwm nuclear chaw emit mus rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm hluav taws xob. Nyob rau lub ob hlis ntuj 2016, muaj 442 kev khiav hauj lwm civil nuclear reactors nyob rau hauv 31 lub teb chaws, thiab lwm 66 yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Qhov no yog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub ntau lawm voj voog ntawm nuclear roj. Nws pib nrog cov ntau lawm thiab sib tsoo ntawm uranium ore thiab ncua lub fabrication ntawm nuclear roj. Tom qab siv nyob rau hauv fais fab nroj tsuag Roj hlwb yog tej zaum ua rau rov qab los ntawm uranium thiab plutonium. Thaum kawg, lub voj voog xaus nrog lub pov tseg ntawm nuclear pov tseg. Nyob rau txhua theem ntawm no voj voog yuav paim quav ua ke.

Hais txog ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no zus tau tej cov ntawm uranium ore los ntawm lub qhib qhov, lwm tus ib nrab - los ntawm lub mines. Nws twb ces av nyob ze mills uas tsim loj nyiaj ntawm pov tseg - pua pua lab ntawm tons. Qhov no pov tseg tseem tej rau tsheej lab ntawm xyoo tom qab lub tuam txhab nres nws cov hauj lwm, txawm tias cov tawg emission yog ib tug heev me me feem ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tom qab.

Tom qab ntawd, cov uranium yog hloov mus rau hauv roj los ntawm ntxiv zauv thiab purification rau ywm mills. Cov dab ua rau cov pa thiab dej muaj kuab paug, tab sis lawv muaj ntau tshaj nyob rau lwm lub theem ntawm cov roj voj voog.