Xov xwm thiab Society, Celebrities
Vlad Kolosazhatel: biography, kev kawm, lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib thiab nthuav tseeb
Tsis keeb kwm ntawm medieval Europe lwm kav, nws lub neej yuav overgrown nrog thiaj li muaj ntau myths xwb, raws li Vlad III ntawm, tus uas kav lub lub me me thiab obscure Wallachia. Txawm li cas los, nws cim kev tswj txoj kev thiab lub massacre ntawm nros khwv tau nws ib tug phem lub npe, txawm nrog nws cov contemporaries, accustomed mus rau txhua yam. Ntau yam twb tau glossed tshaj, npaum li cas invented, tab sis Vlad Kolosazhatel, uas nws biography yog heev txawv, thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem lub siab ib siab phem txaus ntshai vampire suav.
Tsis meej pem nrog nicknames
Chaw yug ntawm tus pas ntsuas ntawm Wallachia, txawm nyob rau hauv 1430, lub caij nyoog hnub yog questionable. Nws tseem coj qhws lub luv luv lub npe ntawm Vlad III. Tepes - lub npe menyuam yaus, uas nws tau muab tom qab. Nyob rau hauv Romanian nws txhais tau tias "tus xov tooj" thiab nws twb muab mus rau lawv rau zoo cwj pwm los ua criminals nyob rau hauv no txoj kev.
Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nws txiv, Vlad II nyob rau hauv Tigishoare tias nyob rau hauv Transylvania. Nws niam yog ib tug Moldavian ntxhais fuabtais Vasiliki.
Lub npe menyuam yaus "Dracula," los ntawm uas nws yog lub npe hu, tom ntej no Tepes tau txais los ntawm nws tus txiv. "Dracula" Vlad II yog nicknamed vim hais tias nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov zaj, nrhiav tau los ntawm Sigismund Hungarian monarchy. Twb ib hospodar, nws pib los mus siv rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug mythical tsiaj nyaum rau cov nyiaj npib, heraldic shields, tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab. Tom qab uas nws tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus Dracula.
thaum yau
Mus txog xya xyoo, lub neej yav tom ntej Vlad Kolosazhatel, nws tsev neeg tom qab nce ntxiv tom qab yug me nyuam ntawm ib tug tub Radu, nyob nrog nws niam, txiv thiab cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv Tigishoare tias nyob rau hauv Transylvania. Vlad II yog ces tsis muaj lub zwm txwv ntawm tus huab tais thiab tsiv mus rau Wallachia.
Cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog qhov nyuaj heev nyob rau hauv cov xyoo. Me Wallachia nyob rau hauv cov xyoo twb ntsuas ntawm lub Catholic Hungary thiab Muslim Qaib Cov Txwv. Vlad II twb inclined rau Qaib Cov Txwv, rau cov uas nws tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv lub tsev lojcuj tswv xeev Hungarian Janos Hunyadi.
Tom qab ib tug series ntawm cov tub rog tsis sib haum, Vlad II xa rov qab mus rau lub Wallachian zwm txwv nrog kev tso cai los ntawm lub Turks, tab sis yuav lav tsis tau lawv loyalty, nws twb yuam kom xa mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub Sultan ob tug tub - Vlad thiab Radu.
ua Tepes
Yog li ntawd, thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 14 xyoo Vlad thiab nws tus tij laug mus rau hais lub Sultan ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, qhov uas nws siv li ob peb lub xyoos. Raws li chroniclers ntawm cov xyoo, nws tau hloov heev npaum li cas rau lub sij hawm siv nyob hauv tsev. Nruj kev tsiv heev, lub siab lub ntsws tsis txaus - tag nrho cov tshwm sim ntawm cov yuam so nyob rau hauv lub palace ntawm lub sultans, qhov twg tib nws yuav saib cov xov tooj ntawm executions ntawm criminals sophisticated txoj kev. Tej zaum nws yog muaj thiab muaj ib lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tej nuj nqis raws li Vlad Kolosazhatel. Leej twg yog no, nws yog tam sim no hu rau yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus.
Thaum tus tub yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej xwm ntawm lub khoo tus txiv yog nyob rau hauv lub zwm txwv ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Wallachia kub. Dracula tus txiv, Vlad II lub xaus tub rog alliances nrog lub Hungarians, ces tsiv mus deb ntawm lawv.
Thawj los rau lub hwj chim
Vlad Kolosazhatel, xeeb laus, nws txiav txim siab los noj kua zaub ntsuab rau tus tuag ntawm tus hlub. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lub Turkish tub rog, nws nkag mus hauv Wallachia thiab tso cov Hungarian puppet Vladislav.
Tam sim ntawd pib tshawb nrhiav mus rau qhov ua rau upheaval raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas nws txiv tau tseg. Nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm nws kos duab tsim kom tsum muab xya boyars.
Txawm li cas los, lub siab xav rau cov kua zaub ntsuab rau lub sij hawm tseem tsis txaus siab. Hungarian huab tais Yanosh Hunyadi Dracula tau tshaj tawm hais tias tsis raug cai tus uas kav lub Wallachia, thiab nyob rau hauv 1448 dua ib lub koom haum lub overthrow ntawm pliaj nws tub huabtais.
Wandering los ntawm Eastern Europe
Disgraced kav tau yuam kom khiav tawm Wallachia. Vlad Kolosazhatel ntau loj leeb los ntawm lub tsev rau ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv ntau yam petty princes. Nws siv li ob peb xyoos nyob rau hauv Moldova. Muaj nws tsim ib tug phooj ywg nrog tus tswv xeev ntawm lub Moldovan zwm txwv Stefan. Tom qab, nws yuav pab tau nws tshoom lub zwm txwv.
Vlad Dracula Impaler txuas ntxiv xav nyob rau hauv qab haus huv ntawm lub Hungarian monarch, txawm tias thaum tus txheej xwm ntawm exile thiab sponger nyob rau hauv tsis tseem ceeb txaus moo. Yanosh Hunyadi xa tawm npau taws tsiaj ntawv xav tau tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog Dracula tag nrho nws cov vassals.
Qhov teeb meem no twb defused ua rog nrog qaib ntxhw. Nyob rau hauv 1456 Western teb chaws Europe pib sau ib kev sawv ntxeev tiv thaiv lub Ottomans nrog tus aim rau lawv qaug rov qab mus rau Constantinople. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub Hungarian huab tais yuav kom me me quarrels nrog nws tus qub kawm, thiab Vlad Kolosazhatel ntsiag to tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Transylvania.
Cia li nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no lub Franciscan monks recruited tuaj pab dawb mus rau Constantinople ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Rau ideological yog vim li cas, lawv kaw txoj kev mus rau nws pab tub rog adherents ntawm lub Orthodox txoj kev ntseeg. Vlad Tsepesh, raws li cov ntseeg ntawm lub Romanian Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, coj kom zoo dua ntawm no fact thiab pom tias yuam kev tub rog los koom nrog nws cov tub cheev xwm thiab mus rau Wallachia.
Impaler Board
Nyob rau hauv 1456, Vlad Dracula ib zaug dua captures lub Wallachian zwm txwv thiab tshuav txoj cai no rau rau xyoo. Indomitable nyob rau hauv nws nqhis dej rau cov kua zaub ntsuab, nws resumes qhov kev tshawb nrhiav mus rau hauv txoj kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv thiab tus tij laug.
Vlad Dracula Impaler tsa ib great txais tos nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev, uas caw tag nrho cov ua nom ua tswv ntawm lub doomed. Unsuspecting boyars traitors nrog kev thaj yeeb ntawm lub hlwb tuaj rau lub banquet, qhov uas nws muaj nyob rau ib tug loj extermination ntawm undesirables.
Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm rau xyoo reign nyob rau hauv Wallachia nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects thiab tau tsim ib tug ntsujplig phem duab ntawm Vlada Kolosazhatelya. Thaum lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, nws yog addicted rau ua neeg dawb huv txoj kev ntawm tua los ntawm impalement thiab nquag siv nws tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab.
Ua hospodar Wallachia, Dracula homage coj loyalty Hungarian monarchy, tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv kom nws coj heev heev raids rau hauv Transylvania.
Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug ntawm cov mus ua si coj ib tug epic sib ntaus sib tua nrog tus uas kav lub Brasov Dan. Tom qab defeating nws pab tub rog, Vlad tsis muaj lub slightest sentimentality ncaav loj executions ntawm yuav cov tub rog. Thiab ua ke nrog lawv, nws muab tso rau ib tug ceg txheem ntseeg thiab tag nrho cov poj niam uas nrog cov tub rog. Contemporaries colorfully piav cov txheej xwm, ntxiv hais tias cov tub rog Tepes khi me nyuam mus rau lawv niam thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tiav.
Txawm li cas los, cov Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib tug muaj teeb lub sij hawm. Nrog rau cov dab neeg hais txog sophisticated phem ntawm Dracula, thiab sab laug pov thawj ntawm nws paub qab hau txoj cai rau lawv tus kheej lub teb chaws. Qhov ntau zaj paj lug uas Xalaumoo qhov kev txiav txim Dracula nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsis sib haum, qhov uas tsis muaj tub sab tub nyiag nyob rau hauv Wallachia tau sau nyob rau hauv lub ancient monument ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - "Lub taleas ntawm Dracula-tswv xeev", muaj li ntawm tus neeg teev ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab embassy nyob rau hauv Hungary Fedor Kuritsyn.
Tsov rog nrog rau qaib ntxhw
Me Wallachia nyob rau hauv txawv rulers tended ces rau Qaib Cov Txwv, ces mus rau Hungary. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, Vlad Tepes Impaler ua nws zaum kawg xaiv thiab pib hostilities tiv thaiv cov Ottomans. Qhov no twb preceded by ib tug nrog tawm tsam nrog cov boyars thiab ntxiv dag zog nws tsis muaj hwj chim. Vlad armed peasants, free neeg, thiab sau ib tug loj heev tub rog.
Nyob rau hauv 1461 Dracula tshaj tawm nws tsis kam them tribute mus rau lub Sultan thiab povyrezal tag nrho Turkish koom haum saib xyuas ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Danube.
Nyob rau hauv teb Mehmet II tswvcuab lossis loj 100 txhiab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv muaj Tsepesha. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias mus tua ib tug siab phem kav yuav ua tau zoo. Cov zaj dab neeg tseem nto moo tsaus ntuj nres pom zoo ua los lawv nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1462. Nrog ib tug me me pab tub rog ntawm cia li 15 000 cov neeg nws hais txog ib tug crushing tshuab mus rau lub armada puas txhiab Turks thiab yuam tus tawm. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, Vlad ua hauj lwm thiab mercilessly. Tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv nkuaj nws tau xa rau cov suav, thiab ces tus txaus siab sib ntaus sib tua ntsuj plig ntawm lub Ottomans pib poob los ho.
Mehmed II twb yuam kom thim rov qab thiab thau nws pab tub rog los ntawm Wallachia. Tab sis cov tub rog yeej muab rau hauv ib tug nom tswv yeej Vlad. Mathias Corvinus, King ntawm Hungary, txiav txim siab cais tawm tej yam nkaus thiab muaj zog kav thiab xaus lus Tepes nyob rau hauv lub tsev kaw neeg rau trumped-up nqi ntawm treason.
Lub xeem xyoo ntawm Dracula
Kaum ob xyoos siv nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, Vlad, tab sis nws tsis tawg nws indomitable ntsuj plig. Nyob rau hauv 1475 nws tuaj tawm hauv nkuaj mus, raws li yog hais tsis muaj dab tsi tau tshwm sim mus ua tsov ua rog raws li ib feem ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub Hungarian huab tais. Yog ib tug ntawm cov commanders ntawm lub pab tub rog, nws coj ib feem nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Bosnia tiv thaiv cov Turks, pab tau nws tus qub phooj ywg Stephan lub Great defended Moldova.
Nws yog nrog tus tom kawg Vlad ua lwm rov qab mus rau Wallachia, qhov uas nws rov coj lub zwm txwv nws tus kheej, relegating lub Turkish puppet Loyotu Basarab.
Txawm li cas los, tom qab ncaim ntawm Moldovan-cov phoojywg twb tshuav dhau ob peb cov tibneeg ncaj ncees. Tsawg tshaj li ib xyoo raws li cov indomitable Loyota koom tua neeg ntawm tus huab tais.
Thiaj Impaler nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai
Lub mystical duab ntawm Count Dracula, yog deb heev ntawm kev muaj tiag, twb tsim ze li tsib puas xyoo tom qab Vlad tuag. Nyob rau hauv lub lig sixties ntawm lub XV xyoo pua nws twb luam tawm tsab ntawv ntawm ib co ntawm Michael Martin Behaim - "Cov Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm ib tug neeg phem", uas vividly thiab nyob rau hauv kom meej qhia txog cov "feats" thiab piv txwv Tepes cruelties.
Txawm li cas los, kom txog thaum lub caij puv 19 xyoo pua, nws tseem yog ib tug mere hauv ntiaj teb no, thaum lub sij hawm sau ntawv Bram Stoker tsis noj ib nyuag acquaintance nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm Eastern Europe.
Sauv rov qab zaj duab xis adaptation xwb los ntsaub cov duab nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem siab, thiab suav Dracula hnub no yog heev me ntsis resemblance mus rau lawv tiag tiag-lub neej tsab.
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