Vanadium (tshuaj caij): lub keeb kwm ntawm lub npe, tus qauv ntawm cov atom, lub valence

Ntawm cov 115 tam sim no lub npe hu tshuaj hais, muaj ntau yam tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus heroes ntawm Greek mythology, lub gods. Lwm tus hu ua rau lub npe ntawm explorers thiab nto moo zaum. Lwm tus tau hu ua rau lub teb chaws, lub zos, thaj nta. Tshwj xeeb yog nthuav yog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub npe ntawm ib tug caij xws li vanadium. Yog thiab ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov no hlau yog heev tseem ceeb thiab muaj kev tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Vanadium - tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj

Yog hais tias peb tuab qhov khoom rau qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, nws yog ua tau qhia hais tias yuav ob peb ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.

1. Nyob rau hauv ib tug loj plaub lub sij hawm, lub thib tsib pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg.
2. Serial tooj - 23.
3. Lub atomic loj ntawm lub caij - 50,9415.
4. Cov tshuaj cim - V.
5. Latin lub npe - vanadium.
6. Lavxias teb sab lub npe - vanadium. Tshuaj caij nyeem raws li "vanadium" nyob rau hauv cov qauv.
7. Yog ib tug raug hlau teev txo zog.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub system nws yog cuab kev tias raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj active caij yuav muaj zog zoo li cov ntawm tantalum thiab niobium.

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom

Vanadium - tshuaj caij, atomic qauv uas yog qhia los ntawm cov kev mis E ³ 3d ² 4s. Obviously, vim li ib tug configuration thiab cov valency thiab oxidation lub xeev tej zaum yuav muaj txawv qhov tseem ceeb.

Qhov no mis tso cai rau kom twv seb lub thaj chaw ntawm vanadium raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj - ib tug raug hlau txoj kev loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau lub tebchaw, xws li txoj.

Yam ntxwv valency thiab oxidation lub xeev

Vim muaj cov unpaired electrons rau peb 3d yuav muaj sublayer vanadium oxidation xeev +3. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog ib tug xwb. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj cov plaub tau qhov tseem ceeb:

• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 5.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, vanadium - ib tug tshuaj caij, lub valence ntawm uas tseem muaj ob tug ntsuas: IV thiab V. Qhov no yog vim li cas lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv ib tug muab atom cia li muab, thiab tag nrho lawv muaj ib tug zoo nkauj xim painting. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg paub txog dej thiab hlau ntsev ceg.

Vanadium: ib tug tshuaj caij. Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe

Yog hais tias peb tham txog keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm no hlau, nws yog tsim nyog los xa mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv 1801, Mexican Del Rio muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav nws tsis paub hais tias cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub ntawm lub pob zeb, ib tug tshem me me uas nws tshawb. Tom qab ib tug series ntawm thwmsim, del Rio tau txais ib co beautifully dawb lias hlau salts. Nws muab nws lub npe "erythron", tab sis tom qab muab nws rau ib tug chromium ntsev, ces tus xib nyob rau hauv lub qhib tsis tau txais.

Tom qab ntawd, lwm tus kawm, cov Swede Sefstrom, muaj kev tswj kom tau cov hlau los xaiv nws los ntawm cov hlau ore. Qhov no chemist tsis ntseeg hais tias tus tshiab thiab tsis paub hais tias lub caij, yog tsis. Yog li ntawd, nws yog lub pioneer rau nws. Ua ke nrog Jens Berzelius nws muab lub npe ntawm lub foundations ntawm lub ntsiab - vanadium.

Yog vim li cas qhov no? Nyob rau hauv Norse mythology, muaj ib tug vajtswv poj niam uas yog tus personification ntawm kev hlub, endurance, loyalty thiab kev rau siab. Nws yog tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Nws lub npe yog Vanadis. Thaum zaum lub caij thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw tau kawm, nws tau los ua kuj cuab kev hais tias lawv yog zoo nkauj heev, xim. Ib tug hlau hlau additive dramatically pab txoj kev lawv zoo thiab lub dag lub zog thiab stability. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Vanadis, thiab nws tau muab lub npe ntawm ib tug txawv txawv thiab tseem ceeb hlau.

Vanadium - tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj twb tau txawm tom qab. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1869 lub British chemist H. Roscoe tau muaj kev tswj los mus cais cov hlau nyob rau hauv lub dawb daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb. Lwm tus paub txog F. Weller tau qhov tseeb hais tias lub kuaj ib zaug del Rio "chrome" yog vanadium. Txawm li cas los, lub Mexican rau hnub no tsis tau nyob, thiab nws foundations nrhiav tsis tau tawm. Lavxias teb sab caij title tuaj ua tsaug rau G. I. Gessu.

Tej yam yooj yim vanadium compound

Raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv lo lus nug yog ib tug hlau atom. Nws muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub zog.

1. Xim: nyiaj-dawb, ci iab.
2. Nkig, nyuaj, hnyav, txij thaum lub ceev yog 6,11 g / cm ^3.
3. Melting point - 1920 ⁰ C, uas tso cai rau nws mus muaj xws li cov refractory hlau.
4. Cov huab cua tsis oxidize.

Raws li nyob rau hauv free daim ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov mus raws li nws tsis yooj yim sua, ces cov neeg yuav tsum tau cais tawm nws los ntawm ntau yam zaub mov thiab cov pob zeb.

Vanadium - hlau caij, uas exhibits sufficiently siab reactivity thaum rhuab, thiab nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob. Yog hais tias peb tham txog tus txheej txheem ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting tsuas nrog concentrated acids, aqua regia.

Muaj ib co nonmetals generates binary tebchaw, tshua tshwm sim nyob rau kev kub muaj peevxwm. Lub molten alkali soluble, txoj kev ua ceg - vanadates. Pa yog ib tug muaj zog oxidizing neeg sawv cev soluble nyob rau hauv vanadium, thiab tus loj dua cov ntau dua qhov cua kub kub ntawm lub sib tov.

Ua nyob rau hauv qhov thiab Isotopes

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov kis ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv cov xwm, vanadium - ib tug tshuaj caij, uas yog hais txog mus rau lub absent-minded. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov loj pob zeb, ores thiab minerals. Tab sis tsis pom qhov twg nws tsis yog ntau tshaj li 2%.

Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab ho thiab yog 1.9 * 10 ^-7. Rau qhov ntsuas no, nws yog ua ntej ntawm tooj liab, zinc thiab cov hlau lead. Tus kheej pob zeb hlau tsis tsim, txawm li cas los, muaj ntau ntau lub teb uas pom tias yog vanadium. Lawv muaj cov hlau nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm cov uas vanadium atoms yog incorporated nyob rau hauv ib tug loj npaum li cas.

Nws yog zoo li ib lub pob zeb, xws li:

• vanadinite;
• cartridges;
• carnotite;
• Chile.

Koj yuav tau raws li lub hlau nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg:

• cog ntoo tshauv;
• dej hiav txwv;
• tel hiav txwv squirts, hiav txwv dib;
• kab mob, terrestrial nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov isotopes ntawm vanadium, uas tsuas yog ob tug ntawm lawv: ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm 51, uas feem coob - 99,77%, thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm 50, uas yog ua li khiav ri tej thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej qhov cim tseg nyiaj.

vanadium tebchaw

Peb twb qhia hais tias, raws li ib tug tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv lub hlau qhia tau hais tias txaus ua si los ua kom muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau lub tebchaw. Yog li, lub nram qab no tej lub npe hu nrog vanadium.

1. Oxides.
2. Hydroxides.
3. Binary ntsev (chlorides, fluorides, bromides, sulfides, iodides).
4. Hydroxy tebchaw (oxychlorides oxybromide, oksitriftoridy thiab lwm tus).
5. Complex ntsev.

Txij li thaum lub valence ntawm lub caij mas nws txawv lug, ces ib tug ntau ntawm tshuaj yog tau. Lub ntsiab qhov txawv feature ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm lawv - yog cov xim. Vanadium - ib tug tshuaj caij tsom xam uas tebchaw qhia tau hais tias cov xim muaj peev xwm yog los ntawm cov dawb thiab daj liab thiab xiav, xws li ntxoov ntsuab, txiv kab ntxwv, dub thiab liab doog. Nws yog tej no yog vim li cas uas tau muab lub npe ntawm tus atom, vim hais tias nws yeej zoo zoo nkauj heev.

Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam ntawm lub tebchaw yog tau tsuas nyob rau hauv es stringent cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm lawv - toxic, txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Lub cev lub xeev tshuaj yuav ua tau txawv heev. Piv txwv li, chlorides, bromides thiab fluorides - feem ntau tsaus liab, ntsuab, los yog dub muaju. Ib tug oxides - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov.

Cov kev npaj thiab kev siv ntawm cov hlau

Npaj vanadium, nkauj nraug nws los ntawm cov pob zeb thiab ores. Thiab cov neeg minerals uas muaj txawm 1% ntawm cov hlau, pom tau hais tias yuav tsis tshua muaj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv vanadium. Tom qab sib cais ntawm tus qauv sib tov ntawm cov iron thiab vanadium nws yog pauv mus rau lub concentrated tshuaj. Los ntawm no tau cais los ntawm acidification ntawm sodium vanadate, los ntawm uas tom qab tau ib tug heev concentrated qauv, nrog ib tug hlau cov ntsiab lus ntawm mus txog 90%.

Ces, qhov no qhuav precipitate twb calcined nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg thiab vanadium yog txo mus rau lub nws yog xim hlau xeev. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no cov khoom yog npaj txhij rau kev siv.

Vanadium - ib tug tshuaj caij uas haum lug siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv txhua yam thiab smelting ntawm steel alloys. Koj yuav txhais kom meej ob peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov hlau.

1. Textile kev lag luam.
2. Glassmaking.
3. Siv thiab ua cov ceramics thiab roj hmab.
4. Xim thiab cov kua roj vanish kev lag luam.
5. Kev npaj thiab synthesis tshuaj (sulphate ntau lawm).
6. Qhuav ntawm nuclear reactors.
7. Aviation thiab shipbuilding, mechanical engineering.

Vanadium - ib tug tseem ceeb heev alloying tivthaiv rau zus tau tej cov teeb, muaj zog, corrosion resistant alloys, steel mas. Tsis muaj zem nws yog hu ua tus "txoj kev hlau."