Txog ntsha ntaus ntawv. General arrangement ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab lawv cov kev hais

Nws ships lub ntaus ntawv - nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm uas ntsib cov rog cov neeg ua. Lawv yuav tsum siab kom cargo thiab cov neeg nrog caij flows. Tag nrho cov teeb meem yuav zoo nyob xwb los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov fleet. Koj yuav ua tau kom cov laus ships los yog tsim ib tug niaj hnub qauv.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov ships?

Niaj hnub no pib ib tug ntau yam ntawm ships, uas yog ntau hom. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv tau tsim rau txawv hom phiaj, raws li zoo raws li tej yam kev mob rau lawv ntxiv exploitation. Yog vim li cas cov kws txawj muaj kev nyuaj siab paub tab li lub nkoj tsim specialization, koom haum ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev kho, cov kev taw qhia tshiab qauv, npaj nyob deb thauj, raws li zoo raws li qhov kev kawm ntawm comparative economic xam. Nkoj qauv yuav txwv kom muab zais los ntawm cov nram qab no nta:

• Los ntawm hom ntawm cov tsheb thiab nws tus kheej-propelled dov muag zaub.
• Ib tug qauv ntawm cov lus tsa suab - hlab ntsha uas ntab nyob rau hauv dej los ntawm txoj kev ib tug huab cua cushion, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov dej saum npoo. Muaj pab kiag li lawm uas yuav yooj yim txav nyob rau hauv dej - qhov no submarines.
• State lub cev. Ntawm cov loj loj ntau yam muaj xws li ua qauv uas yog txhav, saj zawg zog thiab tshuab lub cev.
• Lub ntsiab khoom siv ntawm lub cev. Thaum lub sij hawm siv thiab tej zaum yuav siv hlau, lub teeb hlau alloys, yas, ntoo, pob zeb ua lug, los yog saj zawg zog puas cov ntaub ntawv.
• Navigation cheeb tsam. Paub qhov txawv ntawm ships thiab nqaum navigation.
• Rhode ntsiab propulsion. nkoj ua qauv muaj xws li xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv vim hais tias nws yuav pab coj nws mus rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab. Peb yuav paub qhov txawv steamer uas muaj ib tug piston los yog chav turbine installation. Nyob rau ships mounted nrog combustion engine.

civil tsev hais plaub

Ships uas muaj ib tug pej xeem lub hom phiaj, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov thauj los yog nuv ntses hlab ntsha. Lawv twb tau tsim kom maximize lub txij nkawm ntawm kev thaj yeeb kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm haiv neeg. Cov hiav txwv cov hlab ntsha muab txawv teb chaws trade, ua lag ua luam thiab kev cai kev sib raug zoo, pab tsim khoom ntawm lub hiav txwv, raws li zoo raws li nqa nws. Lawv yog nruab nrog tshwj xeeb khoom rau kev thauj mus los ntawm manufactured khoom los yog cov khoom noj khoom haus. Pab neeg peg xeem ships yog nruab nrog rau ntau yam ntxiv pab kiag li lawm uas yog nyob rau ntawm lawv ntxiv destinations:

1. Thauj los yog ua lag luam lub nkoj. Lawv muaj peev xwm nqa coob uas xam nrog los yog ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm thaum muaj xwm ceev cov khoom siv - qhov no mail, parcels, nra thiab tshaj. Tsheb thauj mus los linear navigation hlab ntsha yuav nqa tawm tsis tu ncua flights ntawm ntau ports. Lawv kuj hu ua hnab twb qhib lawm. Cargo nkoj yog cargo rau paub meej txog cov kab yuav ntab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia.
2. Txog ntsha nuv ntses. Los ntawm txoj kev xws li ib arrangement yuav ua tau cov khoom ntawm lub hiav txwv, uas yog mus caum ntses, marine tsiaj, algae. Txog ntsha nuv ntses pub rau cov neeg nqa los ntawm lub hiav txwv khoom noj nyob rau hauv semi-tiav lawm cov khoom los yog lwm yam tiav lawm cov khoom. Nws kuj thauj nws mus rau lub floating los yog ntug dej puag.
3. Kev tshawb fawb cov hlab ntsha. Lawv yog tsim rau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qhib hiav txwv los yog dej hiav txwv. Cov no muaj xws tshwj xeeb nruab thiab nruj heev heev submarines los yog nto ships.
4. Kev kawm lub nkoj. Nws yog rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm uas ua shipboard kev kawm. Feem ntau siv los ntawm tus neeg uas muaj npe tau txais nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv. Cov hiav txwv cov hlab ntsha tas nruab nrog lub chaw soj nstuam, chav kawm ntawv, thiab cov chav kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas koj yuav ua tau tswv yim txoj kev loj hlob tej teeb meem.

Yuav ua li cas daim ntawv yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug lub tsev hais plaub

Txhua yam ntawm txog ntsha muaj ib tug coj zoo ntawm lub vaj tse, uas yog nyob ntawm ntau yam. Cov muaj xws li cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlab, lub tej yam kev mob ntawm nws npaj siv, ceev, zoo, thiab ntau lwm yam tsis. Lub nkoj qab thus lub nkoj yog ib tug elongated lub cev, uas muaj nkhaus chaw. Lawv pab los ua ib tug streamlined, uas yuav txo tau cov dej kuj thiab cua zog thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho.

Lub pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm lub nkoj yog hu ua tus hneev thiab ua tau lub tsev noj mus rau hauv tus account lub tsim kev cai ntawm lub nkoj siv duab. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nkoj uas floats rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntxhib dej, tsis txhob mus rau hauv lub vuag tag nrho cov sab cev yuav tsum ib nyuag nthuav rau hauv qhov siab. Kws txawj yog them rau kev mloog kom tus khib screws thiab lub kauj log, uas yuav tsum tau muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob.

Cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim ib theoretical duab

Ua ntej qhov pib ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub theoretical duab designer yuav tsum xav txog tej yam cov kev tshuam ntawm lub cev kab. Koj yuav tau siv pab, thaum uas tig mus, diametrical thiab lub ntsiab dav hlau. seem kab yuav tsum tsim ib tug ncej lub cev, uas yuav muab ib tug lub tswv yim ntshiab ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv. Ua nyob rau hauv zaum kawg tshwm sim ntawm lub projection muaj xws li ib tug sab, thiab lub qhov dav ntawm lub cev lub ntsiab.

Lub projection ntawm lub vaj tse no muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim, uas yuav tsim ib tug kab sib chaws ntawm theoretical duab. Thaum ib tug neeg ua no daim phiaj, tus tsim waterline yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv nees nkaum sib npaug zos qhov chaw. Lawv txhais li cas los ntawm ib tug em qhov chaw, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub division yuav ua tau theoretical ntas. Tus ntaus ntawv txog ntsha yog theej nyuab, yog li nyob rau hauv lub tsim yuav tsum ua hauj lwm heev dua lwm yam los ntawm uas tsim nyog cov neeg ua.

Numbering yog ua los ntawm mus rau kab ntawm lub qhov ntswg rau siab tawv. Thaum tsab ntawv yog npaj txhij theoretical duab, koj yuav tsum tshem tawm tag nrho cov uas ua coordinates ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshuam ntawm curves thiab sob. Lawv yog cov pab txhais lus teev ntawm daim duab nyob rau hauv tiag tiag ntev. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum sau nyob rau hauv ib saab magazine uas muaj lofting ordinate rooj. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv Shipyards, raws li zoo raws li tshwj xeeb kev cob qhia. Ntawm no tshwj xeeb muaj kev sib deev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho board, hu ua lub Plaza. Nws yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj thiab muab faib los ntawm tus theoretical duab. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub nkoj nrog lub plaza tshem tawm tag nrho cov qauv thiab ntau thiab tsawg yuav ua rau kom paub meej txog cov hull.

Yuav ua li cas ntxiv li nruab nuv ntses hlab ntsha?

Tsev hais plaub kom muaj kev siv yog siv rau tuag ntses, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, whales, walruses thiab ntau lwm yam nyob kev pab ntawm lub hiav txwv. Txog ntsha nuv ntses yuav siv sij hawm ib feem peb ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua lag luam fleet. Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv lub nram qab no ntawm kev nuv ntses hlab ntsha uas yog nruab nrog tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm:

• Seiner - ib tug tsim uas koj yuav nqa tawm nuv ntses nrog nets. Thawj los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm ib tug cargo xub.
• Trawler. Nws yog ib txog ntsha cim nyob rau hauv nws tsim, uas yuav pab tau nqa tawm nuv ntses nrog trawl - ib tug network muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug loj lub hnab.
• Drifter. Niaj hnub no, lub nkoj nyiam poj thov, vim hais tias nws tso cai rau koj mus ntses nyob rau hauv lub drift. Nruab nrog ib tug ca net.
• Floating ntses cannery thiab puag. Xa designs tuaj tawm mus rau hauv lub qhib hiav txwv thiab ncaj qha mus koom nyob rau hauv cov ntses ua rau hauv zaub mov kaus poom. Muaj ib tug Mesh trawls, ua thiab tub yees khoom.
• Whalers. Lawv siv ntau efficiency whaling. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, lawv tawm mus rau hiav txwv nyob rau hauv droves thiab fleets. Cov ships yog Machinery, loj thiab txhim khu kev qha tes hauj lwm ntawd mas ib tug ntau ntawm qhov ceeb thawj.
• Scow. Nthuav designs yog nuv ntses siv nets. Lawv tawm mus rau hauv lub dub thiab lub Caspian Hiav txwv thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub diesel roj.

nta warship

Hnub no koj yuav nrhiav tau ntau yam ships thiab cov hlab ntsha. Tab sis cov xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm designs sawv cev rau cov tub rog lub hom phiaj, uas yuav mus rau lub Armed Forces ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Lawv tas twv sab nraud cov cim qhia tias qhov txawv no los ntawm kev tsov kev lub tsev hais plaub. yuav tsum tau ntawm cov neeg hais kom cov neeg ua haujlwm ceev xwm, leej twg yog nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv. Npe menyuam yaus thiab lub npe ntawm tus tub ceev xwm yuav tsum tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tub rog daim ntawv teev.

Tub rog txog ntsha muaj xws li cov tub rog cov khoom thiab ib pab tub rog. Lub apparatus hais cov hlab ntsha tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm cov tub rog cov khoom. Nws yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug nres rau ntawm lub tiv thaiv cheeb tsam.

Tus ntaus ntawv thauj cov hlab ntsha

Hiav txwv thauj yog pom tias yuav ua tau lub feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsim thiab nrov. Nws yuav pab tau kom hloov loads rau intercontinental kev sib txuas lus. Thauj nkoj muaj ib tug tseem ceeb specialization - nws yog shipping loj qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom. Cov no muaj xws loj, tej thiab qhuav tej cargo. Thaum nws tawm los rau cov zaub mov khoom, thaum lub sij hawm thauj yuav tsum muaj ib yam kub thiab tsis tuaj kawm ntawv kev co.

Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv lub feem ntau cov hlab ntsha uas yog nruab nrog ntxiv kiag li lawm:

• Tej nqa tau nqa ib yam uas txawv ntau yam. Yuav kom ua tau cov kev thauj mus los ntawm cov nqaij thiab cov ntses khoom, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, cov ships yuav ntxiv nruab nrog ib tug tub yees tsev.
• Tankers tsim los nqa cargo, uas muaj ib tug kua los yog gaseous lub xeev. Ua lag luam thiab factories yog koom nyob rau hauv lub tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov roj av khoom, tshuaj cov khoom, chiv, raws li tau zoo raws li liquefied nkev. Muaj yog ib tug compartment kev mus los rau tshwj xeeb txaus ntshai khoom.
• Containerships. Lawv muaj peev xwm nqa ib lub taub ntim raws li ntim. Cov hlab ntsha yog nruab nrog cov kev tsim nyog navigation khoom. Nws yuav pab tau mus rau qhov chaw, thiab muab ib tug saib mounting cargo thaum lub sij hawm nws thauj mus los. nkoj lub ntaus ntawv muaj cov kev tsim nyog ntxiv beams thiab plag tsev rau kev ntseeg tau.
• Bulkers pab nqa tej cargo xws li grain, ore, thiab thee.
• Ro-ro yog ib tug tshwj xeeb-lub hom phiaj cov hlab ntsha. Lawv yog lug siv rau kab rov tav los yog mixed-hom loading ntawm cov khoom.
• Ferries nqa thauj coasting txheej txheem. Lub ntsiab sib txawv - yog tsheb thauj mus los ntawm coob uas xam nrog, cov tsheb thiab wagons rau lub railways.

Me khoom siv tes ua: tus ntaus ntawv

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm ships designs them tshwj xeeb mloog. Housing - yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm tej niaj hnub nkoj, nws muaj xws li luas thiab planking. Nws yog ib cov Cheebtsam yog muab tau rau lub nkoj qhov tsim nyog daim ntawv thiab tseem muab ntsuas xws li lub zog, dej kuj thiab mob heev ntawm cov hlab. Nws yog ib cov kev khiav dej num txhais tau ib tug ntaus ntawv lub nkoj me me.

Ib co yog ib tug txhais load-tau cov kabmob qauv, uas muaj lub tebchaw ntawm lub longitudinal thiab transverse kab teeb los yog ties. Thaum lawv muaj kev cob cog rau txhua lwm yam, nws puv tawm hauv lub tiav lawm ncej. Nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug siv Circuit Court uas yog npaj rau lub ntsib los xij, decks. Lub moj khaum lub sij lub ntxiv stability thiab rigidity ntawm cov hlab.

Muaj ntau ntau lub nruab rau lub teeb lub cev. Lawv faib nyob rau hauv cov kev coj ntawm lub ntsiab beam:

• Cross.
• Longitudinal.
• Longitudinal ntoo khaub lig.

Yuav ua li cas teem lub system siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub nkoj me me?

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm ib tug me me txog ntsha siv heev dua lwm yam transverse kab teeb teem system. Tshwj xeeb siv ntas, tus muaj nyob rau hauv qab, raws li tau zoo raws li kab teeb nyob rau hauv lub lawj. Tus nqi siv ntawm lub longitudinal kab teeb ntawm ib tug txheej ntawm transverse system yog me me. Lawv yuav siv los ntoo khaub lig-link. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov kab teeb tsis pub tshaj tsib daim, thiab qhov no muaj xws li cov ntsug keels thiab Stringer.

Teem lub hauv qab ntawm lub nkoj muaj xws li kev sib tshuam longitudinal thiab transverse mus. Thaum lub xaus ntawm lub nkoj yuav tsum tau cov keel, uas yog kev cob cog rua rau shtevnyami. Mus rau ob peb lub sij hawm los txo lub scale ntawm lub nkoj thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ntxuag, nws yog tsim nyog los muab cov sab keel. Nws yuav muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev tsim thiab ua hauj lwm raws li longitudinal kev twb kev txuas. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau, nws tsis mus saum nws dav qhov ntev ntawm cov pa vaj tse nyob.

kauj iav

Tsis muaj tswj tsis tau nyob ua ib ke txhua maritime thauj. ships thaum uas tig kauj ntaus ntawv yog ib phau tseem ceeb mechanisms thiab pab kiag li lawm uas xyuas kom meej tuav ntawm ib lub nkoj ntab. Xws li ib tug apparatus muaj xws li ib tug kauj tshuab sector, hau ntswj los yog hydraulic actuators. Niaj hnub no, muaj cov designs uas yog lub ntsiab tsav thiab los ntawm txhais tes kauj.

Tus ntaus ntawv ntawm lub nkoj thiab kauj nyob rau hauv particular, yuav tsum tau raws li cov cai nram no:

• Qhov siab tshaj plaws permissible lub rau ko tw nyoob hoom - tsis ntau tshaj 35 degrees. Rau dej fleet tsheb xws nqi tej zaum yuav 45 degrees.
• Duration ko tw nyoob hoom nkoj yuav tsis tau ntau tshaj li 28 vib nas this.
• Khi txhua tshuab yuav tsum siab kom zoo thiab tseeb lag luam ntawm lub kauj chav tsev thaum lub sij hawm lub nkoj pitching.