Thymus (thymus). Thymus - qauv. Thymus - qhov chaw

Niaj hnub no peb yuav qhia rau koj txog dab tsi yog qhov thymus (thymus). Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav kawm tau li cas rau hlau lub hais tias lub cev, yog dab tsi zog yog ua thiab qhov uas nws yog nyob rau.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Thymus (thymus) - ib lub cev ntawm cov neeg lymphopoiesis, raws li zoo raws li muaj ntau yam tsiaj. Nws tshwm sim immunological "kev cob qhia", maturation thiab ntau yam ntawm T-hlwb ntawm lub cev.

tsos lub cev

Thymus (thymus) - yog ib tug me me nyob rau hauv loj lub cev nrog ib tug mos mos taub hau, muaj ib tug pinkish-grey xim nqaij daim tawv nrog rau ib tug Lobed nto. Nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam mos cov me nyuam mos nws qhov ntev yog hais txog 4 cm dav, 5 - nyob rau hauv ntev thiab 6 - nyob rau hauv thickness. Thymus nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam tej zaum yuav ib tug luj ntawm txog 15-17 grams.

Qhov siab ntawm lub cev ncua mus rau thaum pib ntawm tiav nkauj tiav nraug. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nws ntev mus txog xws nyiaj pab ntau tshaj qhov tseem ceeb: mus txog 7.5 cm nyob rau hauv dav thiab 16 - nyob rau hauv ntev. Nws loj yuav ua tau 20-38 grams.

Nrog lub hnub nyoog cov thymus (thymus) undergo Atrophy, thiab nyob rau hauv cov laus hnub nyoog tsis txawv los ntawm ib ncig fatty cov ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv 75 xyoo, qhov loj ntawm xws li ib tug lub cev no tsuas yog 6 grams. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws loses nws cov xim. Qhov no yog vim lub nce nyob rau hauv nws cov feem ntawm cov roj hlwb thiab lub stroma. Yog li, lub thymus caj pas yuav ntau daj.

Lub thymus caj pas: qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Lub thymus yog sab saum toj ntawm lub hauv siab. Nws yog nkaum xwb qab lub breastbone. Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub cev uas nyob ib sab thereto kaus siab mus rau theem ntawm cov 4 costal pob txha mos, raws li zoo raws li tawv. Qab nws kov lub sab sauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub pericardium, uas npog lub thawj zaug qhov chaw ntawm lub pulmonary leeg thiab lub aorta, rau sab laug brachiocephalic Vienna thiab aortic koov. Nyob rau ob tog muaj mediastinal pleura.

Tus qauv ntawm lub lub cev

Tam sim no koj paub tias dab tsi lub thymus. Tus qauv ntawm lub cev, peb xav txog tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, nws muaj ib tug 2-lobes, spliced rau txhua lwm yam los yog zoo nyob ib sab. Lub sab ib feem ntawm lub thymus yog dav, thiab rau sab saum toj, on qhov tsis tooj, yog nqaim heev. Lub sab sauv ncej ntawm lub cev yog xav reminiscent ntawm ob-pronged diav rawg. Ua tau, li no nws lub npe.

Kiag li tag nrho lub cev yog them nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj ntsiav, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov tuab cov ntaub so ntswg (connective). Depart los ntawm nws jumper nyob rau hauv qhov tob. Lawv sib faib thymus rau hauv slices.

Lymph, ntshav mov thiab innervation

Cov ntshav mov ntawm cov khoom hauv nrog cev yog muab los ntawm thymic ceg ntawm lub aortic koov, thoracic leeg (internal), thiab lub brachiocephalic lub cev thiab ceg ntawm lub sab sauv thiab sab thyroid cov hlab ntsha. Nrog kev xav txog venous outflow, nws yog nqa tawm los ntawm cov ceg brachiocephalic thiab nrog thoracic leeg.

Lub qog ntws deb ntawm lub thymus thiab cov qog parasternal tracheobronchial plexus.

Innervated thymus (cov nuj nqi ntawm no lub cev yuav sawv cev hereinafter) sab laug thiab txoj cai ceg ntawm lub vagus paj, thiab sympathetic, uas xeeb los ntawm lub stellate sympathetic pob caus ntawd thiab lub thoracic lub cev uas tsim los ntawm cov paj plexuses lwm tus lub pub lub cev cov hlab ntsha.

Tus qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg

Thymic stroma muaj nkaus ntawm epithelium. Diverticula xeeb los ntawm peb ntses chaw dim pa koov, thiab ces yuav ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub anterior mediastinum. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, lub stroma ntawm qhov hloov yog tsim los ntawm ntxiv strands (los ntawm 4 officers ntawm branchial arches).

Lymphocytes yog muab tau los ntawm hematopoietic qia hlwb uas migrated rau lub siab hloov khoom nruab nrog. Feem ntau, qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib, ob peb lub hlis.

Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub thymus cov ntaub so ntswg yog qhov loj hlob ntawm txawv ntshav. Txawm tias tsis ntev nws muaj nuj nqi yog txo mus rau tsim ntawm T-lymphocytes. Raws li hais saum toj no, cov thymus muaj ib tug Lobed qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub paj hlwb lobes paub qhov txawv thiab cortex. Cov yav tas yog nyob rau hauv lub periphery thiab zoo li ib tug maub qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub cortex muaj ntshav hlab ntsha thiab arterioles.

Nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb yog muab sau tseg tias active tivthaiv comprises hlwb:

• hematopoietic lymphoid caj ces (ie, paub tab T-lymphocytes);
• haematopoietic macrophage series (interdigitiruyuschie thiab dendritic hlwb, ntse macrophages).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub cortex muaj xws li hlwb ntawm epithelial keeb kwm, xws li:

• stellate (thymus paim soluble lawm - thymosin, thymopoietin thiab lwm yam regulating txoj kev loj hlob txoj kev, ntau yam zoo thiab maturation ntawm T hlwb, thiab cov kev ua ntawm cov ntau mature hlwb ntawm lub cev).
• txhawb hlwb (vim lawv yog tsim "lub cev pob txha" cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab tseem tsim gematotimusny barrier);
• kletki "neeg ntiav zov menyuam" nrog intussusception, qhov twg lymphocytes tsim.

Nyob rau hauv no capsule lub cev predominate T lymphoblasts (fissile). Ntau heev nyob maturing T lymphocytes, uas maj migrate mus rau lub paj hlwb substance. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lawv maturation yuav siv sij hawm txog 20 hnub. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no muaj cov tsim thiab rearrangement ntawm noob encoding T-cell receptor. Tom qab hais tias, lawv yauv mus xaiv (positive). Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov sis raug zoo nrog cov epithelial hlwb pib xaiv xwb "haum" lymphocytes, co-receptors thiab TCR.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog cov kev xaiv ntawm lymphocytes tsis zoo. Nws sau ncaj qha rau ntawm ciam teb nrog cerebral caij. hlwb ntawm monocytic keeb kwm yuav pib xaiv hlwb uas yog tau mus koom nrog lub antigens ntawm lub cev, thiab ces pib lawv kev puas ntsoog.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub medulla muaj feem ntau T-lymphocytes (ripening). Nws yog los ntawm no lawv tawm hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab khom nyob rau hauv lub cev. Cellular muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub yam khoom uas yog hais stellate, cov yuav txhawb epithelial hlwb thiab macrophages. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj Hassall lub corpuscles thiab efferent lymphatic hlab ntsha.

Thymus: functions

Vim li cas peb yuav tsum tau lub cev thiab dab tsi muaj nuj nqi nws ua nyob rau hauv lub cev? Thymic cov tshuaj hormones xws li timalin, thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic humoral tau, insulin zoo li kev loj hlob tau-1 yog polypeptides. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg hypothymism yuav tsum tau cai, nws muaj kev tiv thaiv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug ntaus cim poob txo tau cov naj npawb ntawm cov T-lymphocytes nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.

Yog li, nws yuav xyuam xim yuav muab sau tseg tias T-lymphocytes nyob rau hauv lub thymus tau xws thaj chaw uas muab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv hlwb uas ua alien lub cev (vim muaj ntau yam kev raug mob). Thaum ntxov tsis ntawm lub ntsiab zog ntawm lub thymus caj pas tej zaum yuav ua rau puas lub lag luam ntawm tus tib neeg tsis muaj zog.

Epithelial hlwb ntawm lub thymus lobes tsim ib yam tshuaj uas regulates lub transformation ntawm lymphocytes nyob rau hauv hais tias hloov khoom nruab nrog. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nyob rau hauv adulthood tej zaum yuav ib tug variation nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, qhov no yog vim pathological kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub thymus thiab lwm yam lymphoid kabmob. Qhov no txawv yuav zoo yuav ua kom muaj cia li tuag ntawm tus neeg mob thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj loog nyob rau hauv phais.

Kws txawj hais tias lub thymus yog ib tug central hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

kev cai

Thymus cov tshuaj hormones thiab lawv secretion yog tswj los ntawm glucocorticoids, piv txwv li lub thiaj li hu ua cov tshuaj hormones ntawm lub adrenal cortex. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, rau qhov muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub cev lub luag hauj lwm interferons, lymphokines thiab interleukins, ua los ntawm txawv hlwb ntawm lub cev.

Tau thymus kab mob

Qhov no lub cev tej zaum yuav raug mus rau hloov xws li:

• Di Dzhorzhi syndrome;
• Medac syndrome;
• myasthenia Heavy kev (tsim raws li ib qho kev ywj kab mob, tab sis yog feem ntau txuam nrog thymoma).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub taw qhia lub cev tej zaum yuav ua rau cov qog xws li:

• thymoma, thymic tsim los ntawm ib tug epithelial cell;
• T-cell nqaij hlav, tawm los ntawm lub lymphocytes, thiab lawv precursors;
• neuroendocrine hlav;
• pre-T-lymphoblast hlav uas tej zaum kuj muaj thawj localization nyob rau hauv lub thymus thiab yog muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug loj heev infiltration nyob rau hauv lub mediastinum, ua raws li los ntawm instantaneous transformation mus rau hauv leukemia;
• tsawg mob (paj thiab leeg tshav keeb kwm).

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thymic hlav tej zaum yuav ib tug manifestation ntawm cov syndrome ntawm endocrine neoplasia hom 1.

Leej twg hu rau rau cov daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas?

Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug suspicion hais tias cov txhab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thymus, ces koj yuav tsum tam sim ntawd mus saib immunologist thiab oncologist. Raws li cov MRI cov ntaub ntawv, X-ray thiab CT scan ntawm lub hauv siab, cov kws kho mob yuav muab tso rau tus neeg mob lub tseeb mob thiab muab kev kho mob (conservative los yog phais).