Kev Kawm Ntawv:Science

Thermodynamics yog ... Kev txhais lus, kev cai, kev siv thiab kev ua haujlwm

Dab tsi yog thermodynamics? Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm physics uas tab tom nrog txoj kev kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov tshuab macroscopic. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev hloov ntawm lub zog thiab cov hau kev ntawm nws txoj kev sib kis tseem poob rau txoj kev tshawb no. Thermodynamics - ib tug ceg ntawm physics uas kawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab lawv txoj cai. Hais txog dab tsi ntxiv ntog rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov khoom uas tau kawm los ntawm nws, peb mam li tham hnub no.

Txhais

Hauv daim duab hauv qab no koj tuaj yeem pom ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov thermogram uas tau txais los ntawm txoj kev kawm ntawm cov dej kub kub.

Thermodynamics yog ib qho txuj tshawb fawb uas ntseeg txog cov ntsiab lus tseeb uas tau txais los ntawm kev paub. Cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv thermodynamic systems tau piav qhia los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj ntau npaum li cas. Lawv daim ntawv teev muaj xws li tsis muaj concentration, siab, kub thiab qhov zoo li. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem siv rau ib tus neeg lub cev, tab sis raug txo kom piav txog lub hauv nws daim ntawv (feem ntau ntawm cov neeg siv hauv electrodynamics, piv txwv).

Thermodynamics yog ib ceg ntawm physics uas tseem muaj nws cov cai. Lawv, zoo li tus so, yog ib qho dav dav. Cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov khoom muab tau yuav tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau cov cai ntawm cov cai. Tias yog vim li cas nws hais tias qhov ntawm ntu ntawm physics yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau muaj feem xyuam (los sis tsis ntse, siv tau ntsej muag) hauv science thiab technology.

Daim ntawv thov

Koj tuaj yeem sau cov qauv rau ib lub sijhawm ntev heev. Piv txwv, ntau cov kev daws teeb meem raws li kev cai thermodynamic tuaj yeem pom nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw thermal engineering lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Yuav ua li cas hais txog kev piav qhia thiab kev nkag siab txog kev tshuaj lom neeg, kev hloov theem, kev tshwm sim kev thauj. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, thermodynamics "sib koom tes" nrog lub suab paj nruas quantumics. Tus kheej ntawm lawv hu yog ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm tshwm sim ntawm dub qhov.

Cov cai

Daim duab saum toj no qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib lub thermodynamic processes - convection. Qhov sov txheej ntawm teeb meem nce mus rau sab saum toj, lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg - mus lawm.

Lwm lub npe ntawm cov cai, uas, ntawm txoj kev, siv tsis yog ib qho piv txwv ntau tshaj, nws yog pib ntawm thermodynamics. Txog hnub, lawv paub peb (ntxiv rau ib qho "zero", lossis "general"). Tab sis ua ntej peb tham txog txhua yam ntawm cov kev cai lij choj, peb yuav sim teb cov lus nug txog cov pib ntawm thermodynamics.

Lawv yog cov khoom ntawm cov postulates uas tsim rau lub hauv paus rau kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv macrosystems. Cov kev cai ntawm kev pib thermodynamics raug tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog kev sim thiab cov kev tshawb fawb tau muab coj los ua. Yog li, muaj ntau yam pov thawj uas cia peb siv lub postulates mus ua hauj lwm tsis muaj lus tsis txaus ntseeg txog lawv cov neeg.

Qee cov neeg nug lawv tus kheej vim thermodynamics xav tau cov cai no heev. Zoo, peb muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov kev xav tau rau lawv cov kev siv yog vim muaj qhov tseeb hauv feem ntawm physics cov kev qhia tsis txog kev lag luam yog piav dav dav dav, tsis muaj hint kev xav txog lawv lub qhov me me los yog cov qauv ntawm tib lub tswv yim. Qhov no tsis yog qhov chaw ntawm thermodynamics, tab sis ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kom ntau dua. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov pib ntawm thermodynamics tsis nyob ntawm ib leeg. Ntawd yog, ib qho ntawm ob yuav tsis raug deduced.

Daim ntawv thov

Daim ntawv thov thermodynamics, raws li tau hais ua ntej, mus rau ntau txoj hau kev. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho ntawm nws cov ntsiab cai yog muab raws li ib lub hauv paus, uas yog lwm yam txhais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog. Thermodynamic lub ntsiab thiab postulates yog ntse tau ua tiav hauv kev lag luam xws li kev lag luam kev lag luam, biomedicine, chemistry. Hauv biological lub zog, txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog thiab txoj cai ntawm ntau yam thiab kev coj ntawm kev thermodynamic txheej txheem yog universally siv. Nrog rau qhov no, peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog siv rau, uas tag nrho cov hauj lwm thiab nws cov lus piav qhia yog raws li. Qhov no yog lub zog thermodynamic, txheej txheem thiab theem ntawm tus txheej txheem.

Cov txheej txheem

Cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv thermodynamics muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm complexity. Muaj xya ntawm lawv. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem hauv qhov no yuav tsum to taub tias tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov kev hloov hauv lub xeev tus cwj pwm uas tau pib ua ntej. Nws yuav tsum to taub tias qhov txawv ntawm qhov cai thawj zaug thiab qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yuav poob tau.

Yog tias qhov txawv yog qhov infinites, ces tus txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim tuaj yeem raug hu ua theem pib. Yog tias peb sib tham txog cov txheej txheem, ces peb yuav tsum hais tias yuav ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntxiv. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog "ua hauj lwm lub cev". Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm uas ib qho kev thermal muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw los yog ntau.

Nyuaj lub dab yog muab faib rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub yav tas, tag nrho cov xeev los ntawm uas lub thermodynamic system muaj mus los yog, feem, tsis muaj txaus. Feem ntau, cov kev hloov hauv xeev tshwm sim hauv cov rooj plaub no ntawm kev ceev nrooj. Tab sis cov txheej txheem sib npaug yog nyob ze rau quasistatic. Hauv lawv, cov kev hloov yog qeeb qeeb.

Thermal kev cuam tshuam hauv cov thermodynamic tshuab yuav ua tau rov qab los yog tsis vam meej. Yuav kom nkag siab qhov essence, peb faib ntawm peb cov sawv cev rau qhov sib lawv liag ntawm cov haujlwm. Yog tias peb tuaj yeem ua tus txheej txheem tib yam hauv cov lus tsis txaus siab nrog tib lub "intermediate stations", ces nws tuaj yeem hu ua "reversible". Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm.

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