Sulfated acid: mis thiab tshuaj zog

Ib qho ntawm thawj mineral acids, uas tau lub npe hu rau cov txiv neej - yog sulfuric acid, los yog sulfate. Tsis tsuas yog hais tias, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov ntsev yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, tshuaj, khoom noj khoom haus kev lag luam thiab kev hom phiaj. Kom deb li deb nyob rau hauv no hwm, tsis muaj dab tsi tau hloov. Ob peb yam ntxwv uas muaj acid sulphate, ua rau nws yooj yim indispensable nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj syntheses. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv suab tag nrho cov nplais ntawm kev lag luam thiab lub neej txhua hnub yog siv ntsev ntawd. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej li cas nws yog li cas thiab yog tus yam ntxwv tshaaj zog.

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov npe

Peb pib nrog lub fact tias cov npe nyob rau hauv no os ib tug ntau. Ntawm lawv yog cov neeg uas raug tsim los ntawm ib tug muaj kuab nomenclature, thiab cov neeg uas muaj keeb kwm. Yog li, qhov no compound yog raug xa mus rau raws li:

• acid sulphate;
• vitriol;
• sulfuric acid;
• oleum.

Txawm tias lub sij hawm "oleum" yog tsis nkaus haum rau lub substance vim hais tias nws yog ib tug sib tov ntawm sulfuric acid thiab ntau dua oxide leej faj - li _3.

Acid sulphate: molecular mis thiab cov qauv

Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm tshuaj abbreviations sau lub mis ntawm no acid tej zaum yuav muaj li no: H ₂ li _4. Nws yog pom tseeb tias cov molecule yog muaj li ntawm ob hydrogen cations thiab cov acid residue anion - sulfate ion muaj ib tug 2+ xwb.

Yog li nyob rau hauv lub molecule, lub nram qab no kev sib txuas lus:

• covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb ntawm cov leej faj thiab oxygen;
• xav ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent ntawm hydrogen thiab cov acid residue li _4.

Sera muaj 6 unpaired electrons ntaub ntawv ob tug ob bonds rau ob oxygen atoms. Txawm muaj ib tug ob peb - ib, thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv lem - ib zaug xwb hydrogen. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov molecular qauv tso cai rau nws yuav muaj zog txaus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub hydrogen ntawv yog heev mobile thiab yooj yim rau mus, vim hais tias cov leej faj thiab oxygen yog loj npaum li cas nyob rau hauv electronegativity. Rub lub electron ceev nws tus kheej, lawv muab ib tug hydrogen ib nrab zoo xwb, uas thaum detaching tiav. Yog li tsim acid kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas yog H ^+.

Hais txog kev oxidation lub xeev ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog, cov acid sulfate mis nyob rau H ₂ li _4, yooj yim tso cai rau lub xam ntawm: hydrogen y +1, y -2 oxygen, sulfur ntawm + 6.

Raws li nyob rau hauv tej molecule, lub net xwb yog pes tsawg.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Sulfate acid yog lub npe hu mus rau cov neeg txij li thaum lub feem ntau ancient lub sij hawm. Txawm alchemists twb tau txais nws txawv txoj kev calcining sulfate. Los ntawm cov IX xyoo pua, cov neeg tau txais thiab siv no substance. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe Albertus Magnus kawm mus extract lub acid nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm decomposition ntawm hlau sulphate.

Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm txoj kev tsis yog muaj txiaj ntsim. Ces nws hu thiaj li hu synthesis chamber embodiment. No hlawv leej faj thiab nitrate, thiab hloov zuj zuj vapors absorbed dej. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, acid sulphate tsim.

Tseem tom qab, tus British twb tau mus nrhiav cov uas pheej yig tshaj txoj kev muab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Peb siv cov pyrite - FeS _2, hlau pyrites. Nws tua thiab tom ntej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau oxygen tseem yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws muaj dab rau lub synthesis ntawm sulfuric acid. Tej raw cov ntaub ntawv ntau mus siv cuag, pheej yig thiab zoo rau cov loj ntim ntau lawm.

lub zog

Muaj ob peb xaiv, nrog rau cov sab nraud, uas yog txawv los ntawm lwm yam acid sulfate. Lub zog muaj peev xwm yuav piav nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb cov ntsiab lus:

1. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tej yam kev mob, - kua.
2. Nyob rau hauv ib tug concentrated lub xeev nws yog hnyav, oily, rau cov uas nws twb hu ua "roj ntawm vitriol".
3. Substance Ceev - 1,84 g / cm ^3.
4. Nws twb tsis muaj xim los yog tsis hnov tsw.
5. Nws muaj ib tug muaj zog "tooj liab" saj.
6. Nws yaj nyob rau hauv dej zoo heev, yuav luag unlimited.
7. Hygroscopic, nws muaj peev xwm mus ntes ob leeg dawb thiab khi cov dej los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
8. Lub nonvolatile.
9. Ib kub npau npau taw tes - 296 ° ^C.
10. Melting ntawm 10.3 ^° C

Ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb nta ntawm no compound yog nws muaj peev xwm haus dej nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub. Uas yog vim li cas txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov me nyuam yog qhia hais tias cov dej yog ntxiv rau cov acid nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws yog tsis yooj yim sua, tab sis cia li rov qab. Tom qab tag nrho, dej yog sib zog nyob rau hauv ceev, ces nws yuav noog rau ntawm qhov chaw. Yog hais tias dramatically ntxiv rau lub acid, lub resulting cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yaj tawm npaum li ntawd lub zog uas cov dej pib rhaub thiab yuav tsuag ua ke nrog hais ntawm ib tug txaus ntshai substance. Nws yuav ua rau mob loj heev tshuaj kub nyhiab rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ob txhais tes.

Nws yuav tsum yog li ntawd yuav trickle ncuav acid nyob rau hauv dej, ces tus sib tov twb rhuab xav, tab sis boiling tsis tshwm sim, thiab ua li no splashing heev.

tshuaj zog

Los ntawm cov tshuaj seem yus pom, qhov no acid yog muaj zog heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias nws yog feeb meej tov. Nws dibasic, txawm li cas los stepwise dissociates tsim gidrosulfat- thiab sulfate anion.

Nyob rau hauv kev, nws sis raug zoo nrog ntau yam tebchaw raws li tag nrho cov yooj yim tshua raug ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj. Muaj cov piv txwv ntawm ob peb npaug uas koom sulphate acid. Tshuaj khoom no manifested nyob rau hauv nws cov sis raug zoo nrog:

• ntsev;
• hlau oxides thiab hydroxides;
• amphoteric oxides thiab hydroxides;
• co sawv nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series rau hydrogen.

Raws li ib tug ntawm xws li kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg mob qhov phem ntsev tsim ntawm lub acid (sulfates), los yog acidic (hydrogen sulfates).

Ib tug feature tshwj xeeb yog tseem lub fact tias cov hlau nyob rau hauv lub niaj zaus txoj kev kuv + H ₂ li ₄ = MeSO ₄ + H ₂ ↑ ib tug tov ntawm lub tshuaj reacts, i.e. dilute acid. Yog hais tias peb coj ib tug concentrated los yog heev uas (oleum), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom uas txawv heev.

Tshwj xeeb thaj chaw ntawm sulfuric acid

Cov no muaj xws li ib tug cia li feeb meej daws cov teeb meem kev sis raug zoo nrog cov hlau. Yog li, muaj ib daim duab uas qhia tag nrho cov ntsiab cai ntawm txoj kev tshua:

1. Yog hais tias cov hlau yog active, qhov tshwm sim yog tus tsim ntawm hydrogen sulphide, ntsev thiab dej. Uas yog, sulfur yog txo mus rau -2.
2. Yog hais tias qhov nruab nrab kev ua ntawm cov hlau, qhov tshwm sim - leej faj, ntsev thiab dej. Hais tias yog, rov qab los ntawm cov sulfate ion rau free sulfur.
3. Co tsawg tshuaj ua si (tom qab hydrogen) - leej faj dioxide, ntsev thiab dej. Cov leej faj nyob rau hauv oxidation xeev +4.

Tsis tas li ntawd tshwj xeeb sulfate acids yog cov muaj peev xwm mus oxidize ib co uas tsis yog-hlau mus rau lawv siab tshaj plaws oxidation lub xeev thiab hnov mob nrog txoj tebchaw thiab oxidizing lawv mus yooj yim tshuaj.

Txoj kev rau cov kev lag luam

Sulphate txheej txheem sulfuric acid yog li ntawm ob theem pib hom:

• pin;
• pej thuam.

Ob leeg yog cov feem ntau txoj kev nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tus thawj embodiment yog raws li nyob rau kev siv raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw hlau pyrites los yog pyrite leej faj - FeS _2. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj yog peb theem:

1. Calcination ntawm lub raw khoom rau tsim raws li ib tug khoom ntawm combustion ntawm cov leej faj dioxide.
2. Dua no gas los ntawm cov pa ntau tshaj ib tug vanadium catalyst tsim leej faj trioxide - li _3.
3. Lub haum pej thuam yog nqa tawm dissolving lub anhydride nyob rau hauv kev daws ntawm sulfate acid uas muaj concentration tshuaj tsim - oleum. Heev hnyav oily tuab kua.

Ib tug thib ob embodiment - yog zoo tib yam, tab sis lub nitrogen oxides yog siv raws li catalyst. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tsis xws li cov khoom zoo, nqi thiab lub hwj chim noj, lub purity ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv, qhov kev kawm, tus thawj txoj kev yog zoo tshaj thiab siv tau, li ntawd nws yog siv ntau feem ntau.

synthesis laboratory

Yog hais tias koj xav tau sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau rau kev kuaj, qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev uas yuav nrog hydrogen sulfide tsaug zog hlau sulfates.

Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, tus tsim ntawm ferrous sulfide, thiab yog tsim raws li ib tug byproduct ntawm sulfuric acid. Rau me me kev tshawb fawb tej kev xaiv no yog tsim, tab sis lub purity ntawm xws acid yuav tsis sib txawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj yuav ua tau ib tug zoo lus teb rau cov sulfate daws teeb meem. Cov feem ntau reagent yog ib tug chloride ntawm barium, txij li thaum kav ywm ²⁺ ions ua ke nrog sulfate anion precipitates nyob rau hauv dawb precipitate - barite mis nyuj: H ₂ li ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

Cov feem ntau ntsev

Sulfated acid thiab sulfates uas nws cov ntaub ntawv, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tebchaw nyob rau hauv ntau industrial thiab tsev neeg teb, xws li khoom noj khoom haus. Cov feem ntau sulfuric acid ntsev yog cov nram qab no:

1. Gypsum (Alabaster, selenite). Tshuaj lub npe - aqueous hydrated calcium sulphate. Formula: CaSO _4. Nws yuav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, tshuaj, sis plawv hniav thiab cov ntawv kev lag luam, cov siv thiab ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulfate. Cov tshuaj yog ib tug ntais precipitate. Nyob rau hauv cov khoom daim ntawv - pob tshab muaju. Siv nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag pab kiag li lawm, X-ray tawg, rau qhov siv thiab ua cov ib insulating txheej.
3. Mirabilite (Glauber lub ntsev). Tshuaj lub npe - crystalline sodium sulphate decahydrate. Formula: Na ₂ li ₄ * 10H ₂ O. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug laxative.

Ib tug yuav pabneeg li cov piv txwv ntawm ntau ntsev, cov uas yog cov tswv yim tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los, cov saum toj no-hais - feem ntau.

kraft cawv

Qhov no tshuaj yog ib cov tshuaj uas yog tsim los ntawm lub cua sov kev kho mob ntawm cov ntoo, i.e. cellulose. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm no kev twb kev txuas - tau nws cawv xab npum los ntawm hauv. Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm sulfate cawv yog raws li nram no:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• resins;
• thiab volatile fatty acids;
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates thiab sulfates ntawm sodium.

Muaj ob lub ntsiab hom ntaub ntawv: dawb thiab dub kraft cawv. Dawb mus rau lub sis plawv hniav thiab cov ntawv kev lag luam, thiab cov dub siv rau dub cawv xab npum nyob rau hauv lub lag luam.

Main daim ntaub ntawv

Txhua xyoo ntau lawm ntawm sulfuric acid yog 160 lab. Tons ib xyoo. Qhov no yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev daim duab, uas qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb thiab loj heev ntawm no compound. Muaj ntau ntau industries thiab qhov chaw uas nws yog tsim nyog rau kev siv ntawm acid sulphate:

1. Lub roj teeb raws li cov ntsha, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov hlau lead.
2. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag qhov chaw uas sulphate chiv ua. Lub ib thooj ntawm cov acid yog precisely qhov siv thiab ua mineral fertilizing nroj tsuag. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag rau zus tau tej cov sulfuric acid thiab zus tau tej cov chiv feem ntau tsim nyob ze.
3. Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam raws li ib tug emulsifier, xaiv E513 code.
4. Heev heev organic synthesis raws li ib tug dehydrating neeg sawv cev, ib lub hauv paus. Yog li tau foob pob, resins, detergents, nylon, polypropylene thiab ethylene, dyes, tshuaj fibers, esters thiab lwm yam sib txuas.
5. Siv nyob rau hauv cov ntxaij lim dej rau dej purification thiab siv thiab ua cov dej distilled.
6. Siv nyob rau hauv lub extraction thiab ua cov uas tsis tshua muaj ntsiab los ntawm ore.

Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug ntau ntawm sulfuric acid yog siv rau laboratory kuaj, qhov twg nws yog ua los ntawm lub zos txhais tau tias.