St George lub Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky: yees duab, architecture

Lub zos me me ntawm Yuriev-Polsky nyob rau hauv Vladimir twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1152 los ntawm tub huabtais Yuri Dolgoruky. Los ntawm cov kaum ob mus rau lub kaum plaub xyoo pua nws yog qhov chaw ntawm ib tug me me qub txeeg qub teg. Txij li thaum 1212 nws twb muaj los ntawm Svyatoslav - tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus tsim ntawm lub nroog. Provincial los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub nroog, ntawm chav kawm, yuav piv tsis tau nrog Zalesskoye ntsiab settlements, nto moo rau nws artistic treasures.

Thiab txawm hais tias muaj yog ib tug hluas masterpiece ntawm ancient architecture nyob rau hauv lub zos, tiam sis nws tau sab laug qab deb ntau zoo xws li cov vaj tse.

Lub npe nrov St. George Cathedral

Nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky nws ua tau nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm lub yeej, uas yeej Dolgoruky None ntawm lub Volga Bulgars. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1221. Qhov no yeej monument, raws li cov chroniclers, yog "coj txawv txawv thiab tsab, zoo nkauj thiab naïve" kev tsim kho, ib tug ntawm ib tug zoo.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim

Ntawm qhov chaw nyob qhov twg cov tam sim no St. George Cathedral, tsis tau nyob rau hauv 1152 Yuri Dolgoruky kom los tsim kom tau ib tug me me dawb pob zeb me ntsis lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws tau mob siab nws Georgiyu Pobedonostsu, uas nws hu nws tus kheej patron neeg dawb huv. Nyob rau hauv 1230 nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv - Svyatoslav - puas lawm lub tsev nws yawg, vim hais tias nws "decayed thiab tawg." Thiab nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub 1230th nws ua tau St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky, uas tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog lub crown ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal architecture, tab sis kuj kawg dawb pob zeb tsev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar ntxeem tau.

nta lub tuam tsev

Tog twg los ua ntej los sis tom qab tsis muaj leej twg tau muaj peev xwm tshaj lub amazing kev zoo nkauj ntawm nws masterpiece. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias nws pheej rov qab ua sim tau lawm los pheej. Piv txwv li, nws yog ntseeg hais tias St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky, yees duab nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm cov uas coj tom tsev txhua txhua neeg mus ncig tebchaws uas tau mus xyuas lub zos no, tau los ua tus tsab ntawm tus Moscow Assumption, ua nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin nyob rau hauv 1326. Txawm li cas los, zoo li lub tsev teev ntuj yog tsis muaj peev xwm los tsim kom tau. Cia li yuav tsis nrhiav tau xws li masters uas yuav tsum tau yam tsawg ib nrab replicate tib dawb pob zeb qauv uas tag npog lub St George lub Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polish. Duab ib tug ntaub pua them lub phab ntsa ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab.

ob lub neej

Nws lub tsev ua tau rau plaub lub xyoos. Nws muaj sawv nyob rau hauv nws thawj daim ntawv ntau tshaj ob puas xyoo, kom txog thaum nyob rau hauv 1460 tsis tshwm sim cev qhuav dej ntawm tus thawj, thaj, tsis tau dais hnyav heev loads. Yog puav lwm yam pov thawj raws li yog vim li cas George lub Cathedral twb puas lawm nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polish. Archaeology, uas kawm cov lub cev pov thawj ntawm yav dhau los qhia tau tias qhov ua rau yuav yog ib tug tectonic txhaum, raws li tau zoo raws li hauv qab av.

By decree ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke lub zoo-paub Moscow kes duab vajtse V. D. Ermolinu twb qhia ua hauj lwm rau lub restoration. Kes duab lub vajtse twb tau muaj ib co kev nyob rau hauv lub restoration ntawm cov ancient tsev. Nws Ermolin liam sib sau dua Yuryev-Polsky Cathedral ntawm St. George (duab yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm). Cov kws kes duab vajtse thov hais tias nws rov qab los rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj thiab nws cov tsev teev ntuj, "muab nws raws li ua ntej." Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb.

Tshiab saib

Thaum lub sij hawm lub restoration hauj lwm twb heev hnyav ncawv distorted pristine proportions ntawm lub tsev loj, lawv tau ua ntau ponderous. Feem ntau ntawm cov reliefs tau ploj mus lawm, thiab tshuav masters tsis meej pem, uas yog vim li cas lub tuam tsev facade muab lub tswv yim ntawm across tawg khiav ri niab thiab tsis muaj ib tug nrog kev txiav txim zoo vim scene dluab.

Nyob rau hauv cov nram no centuries zoo tu qab tso Yermolin St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky tau pheej tau hloov. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua belfry twb ua nyob rau hauv nws cov western Qab khav yog phab. Nyob rau hauv 1781 nws twb hloov los ntawm lwm - ntau impressive, uas tau tsa rau lub sab hnub poob, thiab cov St. George Cathedral twb them nrog ib tug plaub-slope, tab sis yuav tsum tau muaj pozakomarnoe cover, tag nrho cov dawb pob zeb temples.

Nyob rau hauv 1809-1827 gg. lub tsev loj rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb yog kaw thiab ib tug tshiab sacristy sov attachments. Tag nrho cov no tau coj mus rau tshiab kev puas tsuaj thiab distortion ntawm lub ancient monument, uas niaj hnub no kom meej meej pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov laus cov duab. St. George lub Cathedral tau txais tam sim no daim ntawv xwb nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, thaum lawv thaum kawg demolished vim hais tias nws spoiling lub extension.

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias mus blame Ermolina tsis heev muaj tseeb. nws yog tsim nyog tsis tsuas mus rau restore lub St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky, uas nws architecture yog tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj mus recreate nws thiaj hais tias cov carved curly blocks twb dua khoom pob zeb txawv, koom los ntawm ib tug ntau lub hom phiaj: ib tug tsis tshua nyuaj ua hauj lwm tau muab tso rau ua ntej nws. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj nyob ntawm tes tsis muaj duab los yog kos duab, thiab muab lub fact tias muaj ntau lub pob zeb raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub cev qhuav dej tau tsuas muab rhuav pov tseg, tsis nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua.

kos duab motifs

Hais txog carving uas adorns tus Cathedral ntawm St. George, sau ntawv thiab hais tias ib tug ntau. Nws kos duab motifs kom txog rau thaum lub thib nees nkaum centuries tau tshwm sim muaj ntau yam kev ntxias koom nyob rau hauv cov ntoo "dig muag" threaded.

Intricate qauv depicting cov tsiaj, cov noog thiab cov nroj tsuag, tom tsov ntxhuav, us nrog braided tails - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, ua creatures ntawm Vajtswv, qhuas tus Creator nyob rau hauv lub sparkling dawb pob zeb carvings adorning lub Cathedral ntawm St. George nyob rau hauv St. George tus.

Pob zeb "lace"

Sia qauv tsis tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub dav hlau, tab sis zoo rau tag nrho cov architectural lus xws li capitals, txhua thiab portals. Nuj nqis ntawm cov neeg thiab cov tsiaj, mythical beasts - tag nrho cov interspersed nrog intricate floral ornaments. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tag coated pob zeb lace George Cathedral zoo li intricate zoo li tus thaiv txiav los ntawm khoom pob zeb. Precisely vim hais tias ntawm lub tuam tsev no yog tus me hwj chim thiab solemnity.

architecture

Cathedral kuj me me. Nws sab facades "overgrown" porches. Lawv sim cov arches rau lub facade ntawm ib tug keel zakomars. Sab hnub poob ntawm lub qab khav yog phab, uas yog Ameslikas loj thiab ntau dua sab. Nws muaj ib tug thib ob storey thiab ib tug hu nkauj ua ke, npaj rau lub princely tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv ib lub ces kaum, nyob lub hlws ris ntawm lub sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj phab ntsa, muaj ib tug me me lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Trinity, uas yog lub qhov ntxa ntawm cov thawj JuR'EVSKIJj. Tawm no thiab hnub no yog hnov arkosoly, qhov twg nyob rau hauv 1252 nws raug faus tub huabtais Svyatoslav.

Lub facades ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj raug muab faib los ntawm Pilasters rau hauv peb shares. Cov txheej txheem no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture thiab yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm plaub-pillar tuam tsev. Cov kab rov tav articulation ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj muaj arkaturno-columnar tsam, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub thib kaum tsib xyoo pua tau dim tsis tau kiag li. Nws kuj mus raws tus qaum kev ib lub apse, kuj sib cais los ntawm semi-txhua. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tiers ntawm txoj siv tawv yog muab siab txaus qhov rais, thiab ncaj qha dua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab lub tuam tsev sawv ib lub voos xwmfab tsa rau ib tug tshwj xeeb pedestal lub taub hau.

Lub tuam tsev yog Ameslikas

Kws txawj hais tias xws li ib tug rov qab rhuav load, raws li zoo raws li siab dua arches thiab tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub vaults. Cuaj kaum, tus architecture ntawm tus thawj version ntawm lub tuam tsev no yog yus muaj los ntawm soaring thiab dynamism. Slender proportions, ua ke nrog peb thawj porches, muab lub tsev teev ntuj gradation thiab stolpoobraznoe.

Txawm tias nws compositional dynamism ntawm St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv St. George lub, yog dog dig tsis tau zoo mus rau zoo xws vaj tse ntawm Kiev thiab Smolensk, nws palpably superior rau lawv solemn tsos. Thiab saum toj no tag nrho cov no pab mus rau richness thiab splendor ntawm lub threads, npog tag nrho cov phab ntsa.

sab hauv

Hauv lub Cathedral ntawm St. George yog khab seeb txaus. Qhov no twb tau tiav ua tsaug rau lub fact tias cov ncej uas nws vaults, teem ntau sib nrug heev thiab tsiv mus txog rau lub phab ntsa. Thaj neeb qhov chaw sib cais los ntawm lub ntsiab tsis tshua muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas lub pobzeb yog txiav deesis.

Tiam zoo thiab murals rau sab hauv tsim. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, uas muaj tsis muaj dag teeb pom kev zoo, yeej ib txwm tsaus nti, li ntawd, yuav saib tag nrho cov xim nyob rau hauv cov duab, nws yog tej zaum tsis yooj yim sua. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yuav piv tsis tau nrog nws cov kho kom zoo nkauj nraum zoov.

facades

Nyob rau cov nyiaj-daj phab ntsa ntawm lub Cathedral koj yuav siv sij hawm kawm intricate curls ntawm cov pob zeb carving. Long-term kev tshawb fawb ntawm restorers thiab kos duab tau ua rau nws tau rau siab qhia tus thawj lub tswv yim builders thiab ntau dua los yog tsawg kho nws.

Lub ntsiab compositions uas adorned St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky, suav hais tias "Transformation" nyob rau lub sab hnub poob facade, "xya sleepers" thiab "Trinity". Nyob rau nws sab qaum teb sab yog "Lub raug ntsia saum ntoo" thiab "Daniel nyob rau hauv tus tsov ntxhuav lub qhov." Tej compositions li "Ascension", "Lub Virgin Orans", twb dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau sab qab teb facade.

Lub spans ib tug tag nrho txoj hlua ntawm cov neeg ntseeg raug xwm nyob rau hauv arkaturno siv. Cov txheej txheem no yog ntau tshaj li Gothic cathedrals nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb phab ntsa nws twb pleev xim rau ntau ntawm UFW ntawm cov princes ntawm Vladimir dynasty. Nws kuj tau ua thiab ib tug loj nyem Georgiya Pobedonostsa. Holy xwm nyob rau hauv cov tub rog armor, yog ib tug ntaub thaiv npog emblem ntawm lub princely dynasty - reared tsov txaij.

creators

Lwm ancient chroniclers xav nyob rau hauv uas yog tus tswv uas tsim lub tsev teev ntuj. Ib txhia muaj qhia cov saib hais tias tus neeg sau nws tus kheej yog Svyatoslav. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm ntseeg tias txawm hais tias cov tub huabtais thiab muab ib tug loj ib feem nyob rau hauv tsim lub kawg tsim cov ntawm no architectural masterpiece, voplotitelyami nyob rau hauv nws lub neej twb zoo tib yam Lavxias teb sab artisans.

Nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua si ib tug muaj koob lub luag hauj lwm, thiab Mitrofan - Vladimir npis sov, uas twb burnt ciaj sia Tatars. Nws yog ib qho zoo heev cwm pwm, ib tug txiv neej siab kab lis kev cai, ib tug ntse politician thiab patron ntawm cov kawm Askiv. Soj ntsuam ntawm ntseeg hais tias nws yog nws leej twg tsim lub tswvyim zoo kawg nkaus carving uas adorns St George lub Cathedral nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polish. Nyob rau hauv nws kev kawm muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus paub tsis tau tsuas yog patristic, tab sis kuj Lavxias teb sab sab ntsuj plig ntaub ntawv.

Muaj kuj ceeb toom txog hais tias cov kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev yog ib tug tswv ntawm lub Volga Bulgaria. Thiab qhov no txawm lub fact tias lub tsev teev ntuj twb ua nyob rau hauv tag nrho raws li cov kev Vladimir-Suzdal nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm architecture. Nws yog tseem ceeb hais tias xws li ib tug qauv yuav tsis tejzaum nws yuav siv tau raws li rau cov uas craftsmen tseem yuav tsis muaj kev paub txaus. Tsuas yog cov muaj tswv yim loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab pob zeb carvers, uas absorbed cov kev kis predecessors, raws li zoo raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm lub zos thiab txawv teb chaws kos duab, tso cai ntawm ib lub sij hawm los ua ib tug fairy taleas cov pob zeb - St. George Cathedral nyob rau hauv St. George tus.