Soviet computers: hom yam ntxwv. tsev computer

Lub Soviet Union tau dhau ib tug heev yooj yim txoj kev los ntawm cov creation ntawm cov thawj raj cumbersome thiab qeeb computers rau supercomputers - kev kub ceev, raws li nyob rau hauv kev circuits. Soviet computers tseem muaj, thiab lawv yuav ua hauj lwm tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv txawv teb ntawm kev lag luam, kev kawm, thiab tsis yog cov. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug yooj yim, pheej yig thiab compact computers sawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-seventies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nws xav tau lawv kev thiab cov tub rog kev lag luam, thiab muaj ntau yam lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub teb chaws.

Micro-computer "Electronics"

Soviet computers yog lawv cov predecessors. Nws pib ntau computers nyob rau hauv lub sixties, yooj yim mus use thiab haum compact tsheb los ntawm cov series "ntiaj teb". Lawv mas siv rau engineering suav. Los ntawm nruab nrab-seventies, muaj Microprocessors, thiab nws tseem tau los pib zus tau tej cov "Elektronika NC" thiab "Electronics C5" - lub universal micro-computer. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas tau nyob ze rau ib tus kheej lub computer, tab sis tus thawj Soviet computers tsuas siv nyob rau hauv qhuav - nrog rau lawv cov kev pab tswj cov txheej txheem, cov khoom thiab hais txog.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig seventies shestnadtsatibitnyh tso tawm desktop computers pib rau ib tug muaj nplai - sufficiently haib thiab compact. Nws ua qauv xws li "Electronics T3-29" thiab "Iskra 1256", tsim los rau cov tub rog, raws li zoo raws li yooj yim qauv - "muaj 226", "Electronics RS-28" thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov eighties shestnadtsatibitnyh raws li ib-board microcomputer thiab txheem terminals ua analogs sib tham sib xam tshuab - DCK.

Mid-eightieth

Nyob rau hauv lub USSR pib loj zus tau tej cov general-lub hom phiaj computers xws li cov EU-1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "Agate", "Microsha". Khoos phib tawj niaj sai kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, thiab tus txheej txheem no mus txog thaum Soviet Union collapsed. Los ntawm thaum ntxov nineties, ua dozens ntawm cov qauv.

Soviet computers yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv thiab architectures xws li cov IBM-tshaj thiab tsis muaj kev analogues cov ob Soviet thiab txawv teb chaws PCs. Piv txwv li, "Corvette" - computer lig cim thiab "Tom tsov ntxhuav PC-01", "Vector-06C" thiab ib txhia lwm leej lwm tus. Txij thaum ntawd los, ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub domestic computer tsev muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm, uas yog zoo dua mus hais lus nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

Kiev

Saib yav tag los. 1948 th, Feofania qhov chaw, tsis deb ntawm lub capital ntawm cov Ukrainian SSR, ib tug kuaj zais cia, qhov twg nws tswj Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Hluav taws xob thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub laboratory ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Computer Engineering thiab Precision Txhua yam ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Ukraine. Nws yog muaj nyob rau ntawm lub caij tsim ib tug me me hluav taws xob xam siv lub tshuab (SECM). Nws Lebedev npaj siab, tsis txhaum thiab siv - hais txog ntawm lub Neumann - qhov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam ntawm ib qho computer program muab cia rau hauv lub cim xeeb.

Ua ntej nws tsim lub tshuab muaj ib tug cim xeeb, xam units, raws li zoo li cov tswv yim pab kiag li lawm, tso zis tswj. Nws twb tau mus encode thiab khw kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb, raws li tus xov tooj. Nws siv lub binary system rau encode commands thiab xov tooj, thiab txiav ua cov lus teb. Nws twb tau mus kawm thiab xam thiab logic kev pab cuam. Nws yuav tsum tau tsim cia nyob rau hauv ib tug hierarchical yam. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus siv suav txoj kev los siv rau xam. Tsim, installation thiab debugging tau ua nyob rau hauv ob xyoos, ib pab neeg ntawm kaum xya neeg - tsib technicians thiab kaum ob soj ntsuam. Lub kuaj tau nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1950, thiab nyob rau hauv 1951 pib kev lag luam. Nws pib raws li Soviet computers.

ntau Kiev

1965 - xyoo ntawm tus creation ntawm lub tshuab rau engineering suav Computer "NTIAJ TEB", lub developers ntawm cov uas twb soj ntsuam los ntawm cov Kiev lub koom haum ntawm Cybernetics - Glushkov, Annunciation, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rau cov tshuab tau siv nyob rau hauv mikrokomandnom theem programming lus - Almir-65. Lub computer muaj peev xwm yuav tsim ib co txhiab of operations ib ob, lub tswv yim thiab tso zis tej ntaub ntawv siv ib tug hluav taws xob tshuab khaws cia nco rau ferrite cores thiab lwm - nyob rau punched daim kab xev.

Nyob rau hauv 1969 nws pib tsim tus kheej computers "Mir-2", teem nyob rau hauv tib lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Kiev. Nws muab tawm ib tug upgraded qauv, nws ua ntau tshaj li kaum lub sij hawm sai tshaj yav dhau los. Nws twb tau nce thiab tsis tu ncua, thiab RAM. Tam sim no computers tau kev cob cog rua rau lub tas li ntawd mus rau lub punched daim kab xev thiab tshuab vector graphic zaub muaj ib lub teeb mem thiab sib nqus phaib. Programming lus los ua ib tug analyst - yuav hais rau "tus tub xeeb ntxwv" Almir-65.

Microprocessors

Nyob rau hauv 1974 nws thiaj tso cov thawj Soviet Microprocessors - sectional qauv nrog firmware tswj thiab four- los yim-lej seem. Series K532, piv txwv li, twb yus muaj los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj zog noj, ntau cov mov voltages thiab ceev txog li ob puas thiab tsib caug txhiab haujlwm ib ob.

Ib tug K536 series nta uas tsis muaj nqi ntawm cov technology, thiaj tsis siab dhau heev lawm hwj chim noj, tab sis yog tsis yog li ntawd yog ceev. Raws li cov K532 cov khoom siv tam sim ntawd hexadecimal microcomputers tau muab ( "Elektronika NC"), thiab K536 yog lub hauv paus ntawm serial ntau lawm ntawm thawj Soviet universal micro-computer "Electronics C5" hexadecimal heev.

chaw tos tsheb loj-khi

Nws yog tus thawj Soviet computer! Sectional Microprocessors raug xam tias yog pheej vim hais tias nws tso cai rau lawv los mus tsim computer-raws li tej yam uas me ntsis tob ntawm yim rau peb caug-ob tug. Thaum zoo li no yog pom tau hais los ntawm txoj kev cov lus hais kom system tswj firmware.

Tab sis tom qab ntawd, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub eighties, microelectronics sai tsim lawv muaj peev xwm, thiab lub Soviet computer kev lag luam twb reoriented rau txawv teb chaws analogues computers. Universal sectional processors tau squeezed ib nti ua qauv. Txawm li cas los, rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm siv cov tsheb npav-khi, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kev lag luam.

Soviet computer

Nyob rau hauv 1977, cov kawm tiav ntawm yim me ntsis ib leeg-nti microprocessor K580VM80A, uas yog ib tug ua kom tiav analogue ntawm heev zoo-paub cov qauv Intel 8080. Qhov no processor yog tsis yuav tsum tau siv rau lub mainframe, nws twb siv nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm micro-computers, micro-controllers, peripherals thiab ntsuas kev kawm - ntau daim ntawv thov chaw. Txawm li cas los, nws yog pheej yig thiab yooj yim, tab sis vim tsis muaj ib Soviet cov txawj nyeem ntawv ntawm tus magazine "xov tooj cua" tau lub tsev nyob rau nws cov hauv paus ib lub tsev computer.

Performance tau lawm siab, lub system txib universal, thiab yog li ntawd los ua lub microprocessor ib qho ntawm feem nrov nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tus kheej lub computer, nws tuaj txog muaj ntau yam lwm yam microprocessor pab kiag li lawm, yog li nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov eighties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, qhov no processor twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag puas qauv ntawm Soviet tsheb - qhov no tsev computer, thiab kev cob qhia, thiab tsis yog ib tug professional qauv.

"Electronics-60"

hexadecimal micro-computer high-ceev "Electronics-60" tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1978. Raws li qhov hais kom ua system "Electronics-60" yog sib xws nrog lub Dec PDP-11 / LSI-11 - American computers. Performance - txog li ib tug lab ua hauj lwm ib ob. Tej cov cav tov tau siv nyob rau hauv qhuav, tswj tus txheej txheem, yuav coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub CNC thiab - feem ntau cov tseem ceeb - ib tug ntev thiab ncaj ncees ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab tus tiv thaiv kev lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv 1983, ib tug magazine nrog ib tug lab cov ntawv luam ntawm "xov tooj cua" luam tawm ib amateur computer tswvyim "Micro 80" nrog processor K580IK80A, uas yog tus thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv ib tug loj heev kev pib xyaum ua xov tooj cua hobby microprocessor thiab computer technology. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub Soviet tus kheej computers twb tau mus ua hauj lwm nrog rau tej daim kab xev recorder rau khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov kev pab cuam, thiab nrog rau tej TV uas tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug saib.

nthuav qhov tseeb

Nws yog nrog kev pab los ntawm "Electronics-60" nyob rau hauv 1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym tag nrho cov nyiam kev ua si "Tetris" twb sau. Tau koom nyob rau hauv lub computer center ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR hais lus Vocabulary thiab lwm yam teeb meem ntawm cov khoom cua txawj ntse, nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm lub puzzle rau lub khiav ntawm ib lub tswv yim.

Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev ua si twb rov sau ntawv rau lub IBM PC nyob rau hauv cov lus Turbo Pascal programming thiab ua rau nws kaum Soviet schoolboy - Vadim Gerasimov, uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv teb chaws Australia thiab ua hauj lwm rau hauv Google.

Tus thawj txoj kev tshawb no Informatics

Nyob rau hauv lub eighties, twb tsim thiab tso tawm batch ntawm tej yam yooj yim, uas yog siv tau universal tus kheej computers rau lub tsev thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv siv. Nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", qhov twg cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm BK xws tsev computer. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws yog tseem tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tus kheej computers nyob rau hauv lub hexadecimal processors.

Yuav ua li cas yog tshwj xeeb txog nws? ASICs nrog ib tug high degree ntawm kev koom ua ke - rooj vag arrays, uas tau txais kev pab raws li maub los ntawm cov zaub, keyboard, nco, thiab ntau npaum li cas. Nws yuav siv cov lus interpretaror "Focal". Txhawb kev monochrome high-kev daws teeb meem graphics thiab Plaub xim. Cov no yog cov thawj tsheb haum nrog computer science kawm, thiab lawv tej xeeb ntxwv kom txog rau thaum 1993 tau txais kev pab raws li lub ntsiab tsev neeg thiab kev kawm computers nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union.

Akademgorodok

Novosibirsk schoolchildren tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub computer center ntawm lub Siberian Ncau ceg ntawm lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences, thiab nrog lawv ncaj qha kev koom tes nyob software system rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, thiab yog hu ua - "Lub tsev kawm ntawv tus ntxhais" rau "Agate" tus kheej lub computer. Nws ua hauj lwm nrog cov "Rapier" thiab "Robic" programming lus, xws li ib tug graphical system "rab ntaj" thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej pob khoom ntawm kev cob qhia cov kev pab cuam.

"Agate" - lub brainchild ntawm 1984, xam tau tias yog tus thawj serial PC, tshaj lub kua II + thiab sawv cev rau ib tug twb tau loj PC RAM nyob rau hauv ib puas nees nkaum-yim kilobyte muag nthas disk drives, thiab ib cov xim saib, zaub kaum xim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv 1984, lub Central Committee plenum saws ib tug daws teeb meem, tom qab uas pib lub computerization ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev kawm ntawv.

watershed xyoo

Nyob rau hauv 1985, tag nrho lub teb chaws paub tias muaj neeg tsis tawg, tsis hloov tshiab, thiab nws yuav tsis tab sis kov lub computer kheej. Muaj ntau iconic qauv Soviet computers tau tsim ib lub sij hawm. Tsim heev ntse tshaj shestnadtsatibitnye "Electronics", tshiab DVK qauv twb tau tshaj IBM Soviet computers. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sij hawm no trohprotsessornaya "Istra-4816" - txog li plaub megabytes ntawm RAM, thiab ib lub hnab tshos xam zauv hexadecimal "Elektronika MK-85".

Tab sis ho tsis txhob ua hauj lwm thiab nyob rau hauv PC, rau cov uas lub hauv paus yog qhov yooj yim yim-ntsis processors. Yog li ntawd muaj qauv "tus kws", "hiav txwv-240", "Irisha". Computers twb octet. Qhov no puas txhais hais tias lawv yog phem? Tsis Ntawm cov yim qauv nws cia li zoo, txawm lub fact tias lub processor yog me ntsis outdated. Piv txwv li, "Corvette" - lub computer xwb.

"Microsha" thiab lwm tus neeg

Lub computer ntawm cov feem ntau muaj yeeb yuj thiab vociferous cov Soviet tsev kheej tsheb - yog yim-ntsis "vector-06C". Ib zaug ntxiv, cov magazine "xov tooj cua" luam tawm ob peb circuits ntawm lub microcomputer "xov tooj cua 86RK" rau lub xyoo 1986 thiab cov qauv no yog li ntawd yooj yim uas instantly tau nco tej chaw. Nyob analogs, thiab variants, cov uas twb ob peb ntawm cov no, uas tau txais muaj ntau lawm. Piv txwv li, "Microsha" - ib tug computer nrog ib tug kheev lub npe. "Xov tooj cua 86RK" zoo ua ke nrog "Micro-80", li no nws nyob.

Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab PC rau txoj kev tshawb no - "Corvette". Lub computer yog heev tham thiab multi-functional, txawm nws muaj yim-ntsis. RAM yog me me - tsuas yog 257 KB, tab sis rau cov neeg lub sij hawm nws yog ib tug gorgeous daim duab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov xim graphics nrog ib tug daws teeb meem siab txaus - 512h256 cov ntsiab lus, hardware acceleration, video xws ntawv nyeem, suab generator - IBM PC analog, LAN, nas, joystick, tshuab luam ntawv, disk drive - tag nrho cov no thiab ntau yog Ameslikas envisaged. Attendance zoo yog tus pib xyaum ua "Orion-128", kuj yim tsim nyob ze Moscow xov tooj cua amateur Vyacheslav Safronov thiab nws cov phooj ywg. Nyob rau hauv 1990, lawv luam tawm cov kev loj hlob ntawm "xov tooj cua" magazine.

Qhov kawg yoj

Mid eighties twb cim los ntawm ib tug txawv tshaj plaw sawv nyob rau hauv lub domestic computer tsev, muaj ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm zoo nkauj thawj lub tswv yim. Nws ciali - ib tug txhob! Tab sis nws muaj nws yog. Gorbachev lub Soviet Union thiab rapprochement ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag tsis ua lub teb chaws rau txoj kev vam meej. Lub paradox - cov lus rov tshwm sim. Domestic computer thiab electronics kev lag luam tau poob tag nrho nws cov hnyav achievements.

Muaj yog ib tug loj heev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem tau ntev tau outdated thiab yooj yim qauv - Spectrum-tshaj. Txawm li cas los, qhov nyuaj qauv tshaj IBM, yog tseem ua. Tab sis purely Soviet txoj kev loj hlob nres tag nrho los ntawm 1992. Tag nrho cov manufacturers switched mus rau ib tug ib lub ntiaj teb no tus qauv - muab xwb IBM-tshaj tus kheej computers.

tshawb pom

Nyob rau hauv domestic kho vajtse txiav txim siab los hais lus tsis zoo nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no decades. Tsuas muaj li evils ntawm socialism thiab ib tug npaj kev khwv nyiaj txiag, nyob rau hauv uas peb "tso tseg mus ib txhis", tab sis hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, technology yeej ib txwm tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis Lavxias teb sab - Krivorukov thiab computers ua tsis tau.

Tab sis tseem, cia tag nrho cov saum toj no cim Soviet computers yog tsis tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas. Lawv cia li tau ntau. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub electronics nyob rau hauv lub USSR tsim heev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no theem thiab nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas ua ntej ntawm lub tib lub lag luam nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, dab tsi yuav ua tim khawv rau peb cov tub rog thiab qhov chaw cov kev pab cuam.