Slavophiles - nws ... Tiam sis nyob rau hauv Philosophy. Slavophilism thiab Westernism

Kwv yees li 40-50 xyoo ntawm XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg faib ob qhia - Slavophilism thiab Westernism. Slavophiles nce lub tswv yim ntawm "Russia tshwj xeeb txoj kev", thaum lawv tw, Westerners tended yuav tsum mus nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm Western civilization, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo qauv, kab lis kev cai thiab cov pej xeem lub neej.

Qhov twg puas tau cov lus?

"Slavophiles" - ib lub sij hawm qhia los ntawm nto moo kws sau paj lug Konstantin Batyushkov. Nyob rau hauv lem, lo lus "Westernization" xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 40s ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub "Memoirs" Ivana Panaeva. Heev feem ntau, lub sij hawm pib siv tau tom qab 1840, thaum muaj ib tug so nrog Belinsky Aksakov.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsos ntawm Slavophilism

Slavophilic, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tshwm nthawv "tawm ntawm tsis pom qhov twg". Qhov no twb preceded los ntawm ib tug tag nrho era ntawm kev tshawb fawb, sau ntawv heev heev scientific ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, painstaking txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias thaum pib ntawm no philosophical sib yog Archimandrite Gabriel, kuj hu ua Vasiliy Voskresensky. Nyob rau hauv 1840 nws luam tawm nyob rau hauv Kazan, "Lavxias teb sab philosophy", uas yog nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev ib tug barometer ntawm tawm Slavophilism.

Cuaj kaum, tus philosophy ntawm lub Slavophiles pib los mam tej lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ideological kev tsis sib haum uas muaj arisen rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib tham "Philosophical Tsab ntawv" Chaadaev. Adherents ntawm cheeb tsam no yog cov cim asterisk tso ntawm ib tug neeg, yus txoj kev ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm Russia thiab lub Lavxias teb sab neeg, yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov Western European txoj kev. Raws li Slavophiles, Lavxias teb sab qhia tias yog leejtwg nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw yog cov tsis muaj cov chav kawm ntawv nriaj nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws rau lub Lavxias teb sab zej zog thiab cooperatives, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub xwb tiag cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Kev loj hlob Slavophil txaus. Lub ntsiab tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv 1840-ies. Slavophilic tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho nyob rau hauv Moscow. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws minds ntawm lub xeev sau nyob rau hauv cov zajlus khw txiav Elagina, Pauline, Sverbeevyh - nws yog no hais tias lawv yeej txuas lus nrog txhua lwm yam thiab twb nyob sib tham nrog Westerners.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tej hauj lwm thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Slavophiles tau ua phem los ntawm censorship, ib co activists twb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tub ceev xwm, thiab ib txhia twb txawm raug ntes. Nws yog vim hais tias ntawm no rau ib tug heev lub sij hawm ntev lawv tsis muaj ib tug mus tas ntawv thiab muab tso rau nws sau ntawv thiab cov khoom tsuas yog nyob rau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm lub magazine "Moskvityanin". Tom qab ib tug ib nrab easing ntawm censorship nyob rau hauv lub 50s Slavophils pib luam tawm lawv tus kheej cov phau ntawv Magazine ( "Nyob deb nroog zoo nkauj", "Lavxias teb sab kev sib tham") thiab ntawv xov xwm ( "Sail," Lus xaiv ").

Zog ntawm Guj kuj yuav tsum tsis txhob kawm thiab txais yuav ntaub ntawv ntawm cov Western txoj - qhov no yog nrees ntseeg ntawm tag nrho cov, tsis muaj kev zam, cov Slavophiles. Qhov no, txawm li cas los, tsis tiv thaiv lawv xav txog nws tsim nyog mus rau lub active kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab ua lag luam, banking thiab kev ncaj ncees ua lag ua luam, cov kev taw qhia ntawm niaj hnub machinery nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb thiab cov kev siv ntawm railways. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Slavophiles zoo siab tos txais tswv yim ntawm cov abolition ntawm serfdom "los ntawm saum toj no" nrog rau cov uas yuav tsum tau kev av zajlus kom neeg pluag cov zej zog.

Ntau xim tau them mus rau kev cai dab qhuas uas Slavophiles tswv yim tau heev zoo txog. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, txoj kev ntseeg tseeb, uas tuaj rau Russia los ntawm lub Eastern Koom Txoos, qhia ib tug tshwj xeeb, cim keeb kwm lub hom phiaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg. Hais tias orthodoxy thiab kev lig kev cai, kev sib raug zoo system yuav pub rau rau deepest cov me nyuam yaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntsuj plig.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub Slavophiles neeg ntaus nqi nyob rau hauv lub conservative Romanticism. Yam ntxwv rau lawv yog cov idealization ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm traditionalism thiab yawg suab. Nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog hais tias, lub Slavophiles nrhiav kom coj intelligentsia tau los ze zog mus rau lub neeg, txoj kev tshawb ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab txhua hnub lub neej, hais lus thiab kab lis kev cai.

cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Slavophilism

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, ntau sau ntawv, kws tshawb fawb thiab paj huam Slavophiles ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no uas yuav tsum tau txais tshwj xeeb xim - Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Tseem ceeb Slavophiles twb Chizhov, Koshelev, Belyaev, Valuev, Lamanskii, Hilferding thiab Cherkassy.

Txaus ze rau cheeb tsam no nyob rau hauv outlook twb sau ntawv Ostrovsky, Tiutchev, Dahl, Lus thiab Grigoriev.

Nrog reverence thiab kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim ntawm Slavophilism kho respected linguists thiab historians - Bodyansky, Grigorovich, Buslaev.

Keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos ntawm Westerners

Slavophilism thiab Westernism muaj kwv yees li tib lub sij hawm, thiab thiaj li, xav txog cov philosophical currents yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub complex. Westernism Slavophilism li cov lus rov - nws yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab feudal kev xav, kuj sawv nyob rau hauv lub 40s ntawm XIX caug xyoo.

Thawj koom haum puag rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no sib yog cov Moscow txawj khw txiav. Ideological sib cav tswv yim uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lawv, vividly thiab realistically xwm nyob rau hauv "Kuv Yav tag los thiab xav," Herzen.

Westernized txoj kev loj hlob txaus. Lub ntsiab tswv yim

Lub philosophy ntawm lub Slavophiles thiab Westerners txawv dramatically. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov kev nta ntawm lub ideology ntawm Westerners xws li categorical rejection ntawm lub feudal serf system nyob rau hauv nom tswv, kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kab lis kev cai. Lawv nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm nqa tawm socio-economic kho nyob rau hauv Western qauv.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Westerners ntseeg uas ib txwm tshua tau rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug bourgeois-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv los ntawm thaj yeeb txhais tau tias, txoj kev ntawm kev dag thiab kev kawm ntawv. Lawv co menyuam lub kho ua los ntawm Peter kuv, thiab suav hais tias nws lawv tej hauj lwm yuav hloov thiab tsim pej xeem lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lub monarchy twb yuam kom nqa tawm bourgeois kho.

Westerners ntseeg hais tias yuav kov yeej tej kev nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib raug zoo backwardness ntawm Russia yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm hauv paus txawm kab lis kev cai, tab sis vim yog qhov kev paub ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, qhov ntev-ploj mus rau pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv tsis kub siab rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov West thiab Russia, tab sis nyob rau tag nrho cov, hais tias yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev cai thiab keeb kwm destiny.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm philosophical kev tshawb fawb Westerners tshwj xeeb los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Schiller, Schilling thiab Hegel.

Split Westerners nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 40s. XIX xyoo pua

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-forties ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua muaj ib tug yuav tsum muaj cais nyob rau hauv Westerners ib puag ncig. Nws tshwm sim tom qab ib tug tsis sib haum Granovsky, thiab ntawm Herzen. Cov tshwm sim yog ob qhia Westernized tiam sis: lub mas thiab revolutionary-kev ywj pheej.

Yog vim li cas nteg nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv txoj kev ntseeg. Yog hais tias liberals defended cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub tsis txawj tuag ntawm tus ntsuj plig, lub Democrats, nyob rau hauv lem, tau raws li nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm materialism thiab atheism.

Sib txawv thiab lawv cov tswv yim hais txog cov txoj kev kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub post-kho kom zoo kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, Democrats advocated lub tswv yim ntawm cov revolutionary nriaj nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxiv rau cov kev siv ntawm socialism.

Qhov loj tshaj cawv rau cov views ntawm Westerners nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no yog cov hauj lwm ntawm Comte, Feuerbach, thiab Saint-Simon.

Nyob rau hauv lub post-kho kom zoo lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub tuam capitalist kev loj hlob Westernism mus nyob qhovtwg li raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb kev taw qhia ntawm cov kev sib raug thought.

cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Westerners

Tus thawj vajvoog Moscow Westerners twb Granovskii, Hertzen, Korsch, Ketscher, Botkin, Ogarev Cavelin thiab t. D. zoo rau nrog vajvoog Belinsky, uas nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Qhia rau lawv tus kheej raws li Westerners thiab feemxyuam txawj sau ntawv Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Tom qab dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 40s. Annenkov split, Korsch, Cavelin, Granovsky thiab ib co lwm cov thawj coj nyob rau sab ntawm lub liberals, thiab Herzen, Belinsky thiab Ogarev defected mus rau lub Democrats.

Kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov Slavophiles thiab Westerners

Nws yog ib nqi nco ntsoov hais tias cov tswv yim yug nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv founders twb cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tib lub tiam. Ntxiv mus - thiab Westerners thiab Slavophiles tuaj los ntawm ib tug tib social puag ncig revolved nyob rau hauv ib co voj voog.

Kiv cua ntawm ob theories yog lossi sib txuas lus nrog txhua lwm yam. Thiab kev sib txuas lus yog tsis ib txwm yog tas rau cov thuam: lawv nrhiav tau lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug lub rooj sib tham, nyob rau hauv tib lub vajvoog, lawv yog feem ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov kev xav ntawm lawv ideological tw ib yam dab tsi ze rau lawv tus kheej taw tes ntawm view.

Feem ntau, feem ntau tsis sib haum yog los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws kev cai theem - cov tw kho txhua lwm yam nrog rau kev hwm thiab ua tib zoo mloog rau lwm sab thiab sim muab pov cov lus sib cav nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm lawv txoj hauj lwm.

Li ntawm lub Slavophiles thiab Westerners

Tsis suav cov cais tom qab Westerners Democrats, thiab cov thawj, thib ob thiab paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau kho nyob rau hauv Russia thiab los daws kom tau uas twb muaj lawm teeb meem peacefully, tsis muaj revolutions thiab bloodshed. Slavophiles txhais nws nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev, raws li ntau conservative views, tab sis kuj paub qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev hloov.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias tus cwj pwm rau cai dab qhuas yog ib qho ntawm feem contentious teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ideological kev tsis sib haum ntawm UFW ntawm ntau theories. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev qhov tseeb hais tias tus tib neeg zoo tshaj tau ua si nyob rau hauv no tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm. Yog li, cov views ntawm tus Slavophiles tau lom zem ntau raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg, nws sib thooj rau lub orthodoxy thiab nruj ua kevcai nco txog tag nrho cov kev cai dab qhuas tsoo tsho. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub Slavophiles lawv tus kheej, feem ntau ntawm lawv - los ntawm secular tsev neeg yeej tsis raug raws li cov qhuas ntawm lub Koom Txoos. Westerners kuj tsis txhawb kom ntev li piety nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej, txawm hais tias ib co mej zeej ntawm lub tam sim no (ib tug tiag tiag li piv txwv - P. Ya. Chaadaev) ua tsaug ntseeg tias sab ntsuj plig thiab, nyob rau hauv particular, yog ib feem ntawm Orthodox Russia. Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob qho tib si tiam sis muaj cov neeg ntseeg thiab atheists.

Muaj kuj cov neeg uas tsis tau yuav mus rau ib yam ntawm cov tiam sis, qeb duas peb overlooking ntoo thuv. Piv txwv li, V. S. Solovov nyob rau hauv nws sau, sau hais tias ib tug fee tov mus rau lub ntsiab teeb meem ntawm tib neeg tseem tsis tau nrhiav tau yog nyob rau hauv East los yog nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob. Qhov no txhais tau tias ua hauj lwm rau lawv ua ke yuav tsum tag nrho, tsis muaj kev zam, active rog ntawm cov tib neeg, mloog mus rau txhua lwm yam thiab ua ke los ze zog mus txoj kev vam meej thiab greatness. Soloviev ntseeg hais tias cov "dawb huv" Westerners thiab "huv" Slavophiles - yog txwv thiab tus neeg yeej tsis muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm lub hom phiaj kev txiav txim.

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug

Westerners thiab Slavophiles, lub ntsiab tswv yim uas peb tau kawm nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, twb utopians. Westerners tau idealized txawv teb chaws txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, lub European technology, lawv feem ntau tsis nco qab txog lub peculiarities ntawm Lavxias teb sab mentality thiab lub hnub nyoog-laus sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub psychology ntawm lub thaj thiab Lavxias teb sab. Slavophiles, nyob rau hauv lem, qhuas cov duab ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab neeg, twb inclined rau idealize lub xeev, cov duab ntawm lub huab tais thiab Orthodoxy. Thiab cov neeg thiab lwm tus neeg tsis pom lub kev hem thawj ntawm kiv puag ncig, thiab kom txog thaum tsis ntev los no tau vam kom daws tau qhov teeb meem los ntawm kho, nyob rau hauv ib lub thaj yeeb txoj kev. Khiav nyob rau hauv no kev txom ideological tsov rog faib tsis yooj yim sua, vim hais tias kev tsis sib haum txog lub correctness ntawm cov xaiv txoj kev ntawm Russia txoj kev loj hlob tsis tu tsis tseg rau hnub no.