Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino. Major naval sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv 1827. tau

Navarino hiav txwv sib ntaus sib tua, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau ib hnub ci hnub, Lub kaum hli ntuj 20, 1927 nyob rau hauv lub eponymous bay, tsis tsuas yog ib tug ntawm lub feem ntau glorious nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub domestic fleet, tab sis kuj ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm dab tsi Russia thiab lub teb chaws ntawm Western teb chaws Europe yuav nrhiav tau ib qho av thaum nws los txog rau kev cuam tshuam cov cai thiab kev ywj siab ntawm lub ntau yam haiv neeg. Tam sim no ib tug united pem hauv ntej tiv thaiv cov decrepit Ottoman Empire, Britain, Russia thiab Fabkis tau muab invaluable kev pab rau cov neeg Greek nyob rau hauv lawv tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua

Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab lub yeej ntawm Napoleon thiab cov Congress of Vienna, los ua ib tug tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb kev nom kev tswv txheej txheem. Ntxiv mus, nws tej yam nyob rau hauv lub 1810-1830-ies. Nws yog zoo li ntawd hais tias nws nrhiav kev pab txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntau dua los yog tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb lub sijhawm. Tsim ntawm cov teg num ntawm Alexander kuv, tus Vaj Ntsuj Alliance, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog kev sib ntaus rau lub preservation ntawm uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv European lub teb chaws, nom tswv regimes, tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntsuas ntawm lub hwj rau tag nrho cov intra-European affairs.

Ib tug ntawm cov tsis muaj zog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov teb chaws Europe ua ntej peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua twb maj crumbling Ottoman Empire. Txawm tias tag nrho cov me nyuam mus kho, Qaib ntxhw yog nce lagging qab qhov kev haiv neeg, maj mam poob tswj ntawm cov cuab yeej, nrog rau ib feem ntawm nws cov teb chaws Ottoman. Tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no nyob lub teb chaws ntawm lub Balkan ceg av qab teb, uas nrog rau ib lub qhov muag rau tau kev pab rau Russia thiab lwm yam European lub teb chaws yog nce pib sib ntaus rau lawv muaj kev ywj pheej.

Nyob rau hauv 1821, lub Greek uprising pib. Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv tau pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim teeb meem no: nyob rau hauv ib tes, cov khoom ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Alliance twb tsis tau tso cai los pab txhawb cov neeg uas advocated qhov kho nqi lus ntawm tus uas twb muaj teeb meem, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - Orthodox Greeks tau ntev lawm ntshai li peb cov phoojywg, thaum lub sij hawm kev sib raug zoo nrog qaib ntxhw yuav luag ib txwm tau deb los ntawm kev pom kev. Es cautiously thaum xub thawj hais txog cov txheej xwm yog maj hloov los ntawm kev nce loj hlob siab rau lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Osman. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino nyob rau hauv 1827 yog ib zajlus kom xaus ntawm txoj kev no.

Tom qab thiab lub ntsiab yog vim li cas

Cov Greek thiab Turkish txheem rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm ob tog yuav tsis tau ib tug decisive superiority. Cov xwm txheej quo tau sau qhov thiaj li hu ua Akkerman Convention, ces qhov ua rau ntawm thaj yeeb sib haum coj active Russia, Fabkis thiab hais. Nicholas kuv ua kom nws ntshiab rau lub Sultan Mahmud II, uas yuav muaj mus rau lub loj heev concessions kom txuag tau tus Balkan lub xeev raws li ib feem ntawm lawv cov teb chaws Ottoman. Cov kev cai no tau lawm tsau raws tu qauv Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1826, qhov chaw uas lub Greeks twb tau cog lus sab autonomy, xws li txoj cai los mus xaiv rau pej xeem chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm nws ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv cog lus, Qaib ntxhw txhua lub sij hawm aspired rau unleash tiv thaiv cov txaus siab Greeks ib tug tiag tiag genocide. Qhov no nws thiaj li coj Russia thiab nws cov European phoojywg yuav tawm mus rau ntau decisive kev txiav txim.

Cov kawm tuab si lug ntawm rog ua ntej sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino pom hais tias ib tug lub sij hawm thaum lub Turkish fleet yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, tau tshaj dhau lawm. Sultan thiab Pasha kapudan Muharram Bey tswj kom tsa nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean thaj av ntawd yog impressive heev zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sij Turkish frigates peb yog focused haib lub nkoj tua rog ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Tunisia. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, qhov no armada muaj 66 pennants, uas muaj ntau tshaj li 2,100 phom. Turks kuj suav tau rau kev pab los ntawm nqaum artillery, lub koom haum uas ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm ua si rau cov Fabkis engineers.

Tsoom fwv teb chaws squadron, uas cov kev hais kom ua ntawm tus laus tshaj siv Englishman Codrington, muaj tsuas yog nees nkaum-rau pennants muaj ze li ntawm 1,300 phom. Txawm li cas los, ships ntawm txoj kab - lub ntsiab quab yuam nyob rau hauv tej naval sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub sij hawm - lawv muaj ntau - kaum mus rau xya. Raws li rau lub Lavxias teb sab squadron, hais tias nws muaj plaub lub nkoj tua rog thiab frigates, thiab txib kom los ntawm ib tug tej tub rog L. Heyden, uas tuav ib tug chij rau cov flagship "Azov".

Laj ua ntej lub sib ntaus sib tua

Twb yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Greek archipelago, lub Allied hais kom ua tau ib tug zaum kawg los kom daws tau qhov teeb meem peacefully. Pasha Ibragim thaum lub sij hawm cov kev sib khom rau sawv cev ntawm lub Sultan cog lus peb-lub lim tiam ntawv sib yeem lus hais tias yuav luag tam sim ntawd nws twb tawg. Tom qab hais tias, cov phooj ywg fleet series ntawm flanking maneuvers xauv Turks nyob rau hauv Navarino Bay, qhov chaw uas cov nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov haib nqaum roj teeb npaj muab ib tug general sib ntaus sib tua.

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino tau lom zem ntau poob los ntawm lub Turks ua ntej nws pib. Xaiv no es nqaim bay, lawv yeej tau deprived lawv tus kheej ntawm lub suav kom zoo dua, raws li tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lawv cov ships yuav ib txhij koom nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua. Ntug dej hiav txwv Artillery yog cia siab rau los ntawm cov horseshoe ntawm lub Turkish fleet, ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua tsis ua si.

Cov phoojywg tau npaj mus tua txhua ob: lub British thiab Fabkis yuav tsum tau tuav cov cai flank, thiab cov Lavxias teb sab tub rog fleet - ua kom tiav cov rout, leaning nyob rau sab laug sab ntawm lub Turkish fleet.

Thaum pib ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua

Nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 8, 1827 Anglo-Fabkis squadron, uas yog los ze zog mus rau lub tus nrog sib ntaus hlua li nyob rau hauv ib kem, pib qeeb tsab ntawv tsa suab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov Turks. Nce hauv gunshot, lub ships nres, thiab cov Admiral Codrington xa envoys mus rau lub Turks, uas raug tua nrog phom. Txhaj tshuaj signaled thaum pib ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua: nyob rau ob sab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm sib tham txog ob txhiab phom, tag nrho cov bay twb shrouded nyob rau hauv acrid pa luam yeeb ceev ceev.

Rau ntawm no theem, cov phooj ywg fleet yog tsis mus cuag ib tug decisive superiority. Ntxiv mus, lub Turkish cuaj luaj tshwm sim los loj txaus puas tsuaj system Muhharey Bey yog unmoved.

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino: lub nkag teb chaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet thiab radical hloov

Nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov sib ntaus sib tua yog tseem nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb, rau cov nquag sib ntaus los ua hauj lwm pib Heyden Lavxias teb sab squadron, uas yog ib tug tshuab tsom nyob rau sab laug flank ntawm lub Turks. Tus thawj frigate "Hanko" tua nqaum roj teeb, uas tsis tau muaj sij hawm los ua kaum volleys. Ces, sawv ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ib rab yaj phom txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv, Lavxias teb sab ships los rau hauv lub tua duel nrog cov yeeb ncuab fleet.

Lub Brunt ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua poob rau hauv lub flagship "Azov", uas nws commander twb paub domestic naval commander Mikhail Lazarev. Raws li lub taub hau ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev sib ntaus los tsev, nws tam sim ntawd tuaj koom lub sib ntaus sib tua nrog tsib yeeb ncuab ships, sinking ob ntawm lawv sai sai. Tom qab ntawd, nws khiav mus rau tus cawm ntawm lub British "Asia", uas qhib tua hluav taws tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab flagship. Lavxias teb sab lub nkoj tua rog thiab frigates tau coj ib yam nkaus nyob rau hauv ib tug yam ntxwv sib ntaus sib tua: noj qhov chaw uas muab rau lawv nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua tag, lawv yog nyob rau hauv tsiv yeeb ncuab tua hluav taws ua tseeb thiab raws sij hawm maneuvers, poob deg ib tug los ntawm ib tug Turkish thiab cov neeg Iyiv lub tsev hais plaub. Uas lub dag zog squadron Heyden muab ib tug tshaj dhau hloov nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua.

Qhov kawg ntawm tus sib ntaus sib tua: cov ua tiav yeej ntawm tus phooj ywg fleet

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino ntawd kub ntev li cia li tshaj plaub teev thiab muaj ib tug heev concentration ntawm cov hluav taws thiab saturation maneuvers. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov sib ntaus sib tua tau tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub Turkish chaw uas zoo heev, namely lub Turks twb npaj txhij rau nws loj tuaj lawm. Ob peb ntawm lawv cov ships thaum lub sij hawm lub zog khiav aground thiab ua ib qho yooj yim prey. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus thib peb teev ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua yog tseeb, tus phoojywg pib los lwv nyob rau hauv uas yog ntau tog ships.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsis tau poob ib zaug xwb nkoj kev sib ntaus los, lub phooj ywg fleet yeej tag nrho Turkish fleet: kev khiav yog tsuas yog ib lub nkoj, thiab nws tau txais ib tug heev raug mob loj. Xws li ib tug tshwm sim dramatically hloov tag nrho qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm rog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

tau

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Navarino nyob rau hauv 1827 yog lub prelude mus rau lub tom ntej no Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog. Lwm ntawm nws cov sij hawm yog ib tug ntse hloov nyob rau hauv lub ratio ntawm Greek thiab Turkish rog. Tom qab kev txom nyem ib crushing swb, Qaib ntxhw tau nkag mus rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm loj nom tswv kev kub ntxhov. Nws yog tsis mus txog rau lub poj koob yawm txwv lub Greeks, uas muaj peev xwm ua tsis tau tsuas yog yeej muaj lub sab autonomy, tab sis kuj yuav ua tau tag nrho ywj siab sai sai.

1827 nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia - nws yog tsis tau lwm qhia txog cov nws cov tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv lub hwj chim. Enlisting cov nyiaj them yug ntawm lub teb chaws xws li hais thiab Fabkis, nws muaj peev xwm mus capitalize on qhov teeb meem no kom ntxiv dag zog nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov European arena.