Tsim, Tsev kawm ntawv qib thiab universities
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases Bronsted-Lowry
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases yog nyob rau lub verge ntawm ob sciences - physics thiab Science News for KIDS. Nrog nws qhia txog cov khoom thiab qhov xwm ntawm tus bases thiab acids. Zaum no muab faib ua ob chav kawm ntawm tshuaj uas nrog txhua lwm yam.
Cov hauj lwm ntawm kev tshawb xav
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases pab daws tau ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm: twv seb uas cov khoom raug tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv kev sis raug zoo thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ua li no, cov kws txawj thov ntau thiab zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm acids thiab bases.
Yog li muaj ntau ntau theories uas yog txawv txhais hais tias xws li ib tug acid thiab ib lub hauv paus. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas lawv soj ntsuam lawv cov lwm yam ntxwv. Thaum kawg nws yog nyob ntawm dab tsi yuav tsum tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Conceptual tshuaj tshuab
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases yog cov tsis tshua nrov, thaum koj yuav tau mus nrhiav kom paub yuav ua li cas lawv INTERACTIONS xwm. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv industrial xyaum thiab science. Theoretical paub txog cov teebmeem ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm acids thiab bases conceptual tshuab txiav txim rau qhov tsim Science News for KIDS cuam tshuam ntau yam theoretical tswv yim nyob rau hauv zoo tag nrho tshuaj disciplines.
Cov evolution ntawm kev paub txog lub kev sib tshuam ntawm acids thiab bases
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases hais txog ib tug ntawm cov yuav tsum muaj Science News for KIDS. Ntsiab tswv yim twb xub formulated los zaum XVII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntsiab lus tom qab pheej hloov thiab kho.
English chemist XVII xyoo pua Robert Boyle ntseeg tias acids yog lub cev, lub atoms ntawm uas muaj ntse protrusions thiab lub hauv paus - nws yog lawv pores. Yog li ntawd, nws saib, tag nrho cov neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txo mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias acid protrusions txeem mus rau hauv lub pores ntawm lub bases.
Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm lub hom phiaj ntawm acids thiab bases npaj Fabkis apothecary Nicolas Lemery. Nyob rau hauv 1675, nws tso tawm "Science News for KIDS Chav Kawm", uas paub meej pleev xim rau cov tshuaj thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj raws li lawv lub cev thiab cov qauv. Lemaire xav hais tias acids muaj ntse spikes, vim tsis kaj siab ncus uas tshwm sim ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Rau hauv thaj av nws hu ua alkalis, tawm tswv yim hais tias lawv ntxeem tau qauv. Cov uas ua nruab nrab ntsev tsim.
Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua, lwm Fabkis tus paub txog Lavoisier Antaun txog cov khoom mus rau ntawm acids nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm oxygen atoms. Lub inconsistency pom no hypothesis, tom qab cov lus Askiv chemist Gemfri Devi thiab nws Fabkis counterpart, Yauxej Louis Gay-Lussac nrhiav tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm acids uas tsis muaj oxygen. Ntawm lawv yog cov halides los yog hydrocyanic acid. Yog li nws twb pom ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa uas muaj tebchaw uas tsis muaj cov khoom acids.
niaj hnub tswv yim
Lub tswvyim ntawm protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases tau hloov ho nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo. Chemists steel acids xav tias tsuas yog cov tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm interacting nrog cov hlau thiab tso hydrogen. Cov lus xaus tau mus txog los ntawm tus German tus paub txog Justus von Liebig nyob rau hauv 1839. Nws yog suav tias yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm Agricultural Science News for KIDS thiab Organic Science News for KIDS.
Nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog cov Swedish mineralogist Jens Jakob Berzelius formulated lub tswv yim uas yuav tsum tau kho nrog acids los tsis zoo uas tsis yog-nws yog xim hlau oxides, thaum lub sij hawm oxide nrog ib tug zoo xwb muaj bases. Qhov no pab piav qhov yooj yim zog ntawm acids thiab bases. Uas yog vim li cas lub acidic thiab yooj yim Swede ntshai li tej thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw. Nws yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua ib qho kev sim twv seb qhov kawg nyhuv ntawm tshuaj peb xav.
Lub ntsiab cai ntawm protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases muaj lawm formulated tom qab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius. Nyob rau hauv 1887, nws sau ua ke rau hauv lub qhov hluav taws xob dissociation kev tshawb xav. Tom qab nws ib tug tiag tiag tseem yuav piav qhia txog lub thaj chaw ntawm acids thiab bases pib los ntawm electrolytes ionization khoom. Thiab ua tsaug rau tus pab ntawm Lavxias teb sab-German chemist Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald lub kev tshawb xav tau formulated rau tsis muaj zog electrolytes.
Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua, American zaum Cady, Franklin thiab Kraus grounded kev tshawb xav solvosistem. Nws pib yuav tsum tau siv raws li kev cai thiab Arruniusa Ostwald, thiab nrog rau kev hwm rau tag nrho lwm cov kuab tshuaj uas yuav samodissotsiirovatsya.
Niaj hnub no Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids feem ntau siab articulated Dane Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted thiab American Gilbert N. Lewis, uas kuj koom nyob rau hauv nuclear physics thiab thermodynamics.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Liebig
Raws li cov kev tshawb xav ntawm hydrogen Liebig acid yog ib yam khoom uas tau li cas nrog co ntawm cov hydrogen tsim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tswvyim ntawm "puag" Liebig tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv tag nrho.
Hydrogen thiab ntsev tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog acids sau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv co. Niaj hnub no kev tshawb xav yog tsuas yog siv twv seb rau cov kev sib tshuam ntawm tshuaj muaj hydrogen, nrog cov hlau nyob rau hauv kuab.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Arrhenius-Ostwald
Cais li cas yog protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases Arrhenius - Ostwald, nco ntsoov hais tias muaj tag nrho cov acids tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv aqueous tov los tsim hydrogen cations. Yog li bases Tsuas yog cov tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv aqueous tov tau hlau ntawv los yog ammonium.
Cov uas ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua dej thiab ntsev. Muaj yog ib tug quav, thaum reacted muaj zog acids nrog muaj zog bases. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm no ziag no yuav nrhiav pov thawj rau division ntawm electrolytes, raws li zoo raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub pH nqi yog tswvcuab, uas siv rau alkaline ib puag ncig. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis ntawm ntsev thiab bases muaj ntsev. Txawm li cas los, thiab tsawg tsawg. Lub fact tias nws yuav tsum tau cumbersome suav. Thaum proton kev tshawb xav yooj yim npaum li.
Qhov kev tshawb xav Bronsted-Lowry
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases Bronsted - Lowry twb xub nkag tau rau hauv 1923. Bronsted Lowry thiab nws formulated ntawm nws tus kheej. Lub zaum ua ke lub tswvyim ntawm acids thiab bases ua ke.
Raws li lawv cov duab kos, acids - yog molecules los yog ions uas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv teb lub luag hauj lwm proton hloov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tsuas yog cov bases yog molecules los yog ions uas yuav muab protons. Nyob rau hauv no hom phiaj ntawm acids thiab bases peb tau txais protolytes txhais. Yuav ua li cas yog lub essence?
Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS txo kom proton hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm acid rau puag. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no acid deprived ntawm ib tug proton, nws puv nws tus kheej mus rau hauv lub hauv av. Thiab tej zaum, dhau lawm, yuav tsum tau qhua cov tshiab proton. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub sij hawm no yuav acid, txoj kev ua ib tug protonated particle.
Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tej hu sis ntawm cov tshuaj muab kev koom tes ob khub ntawm bases thiab acids. Bronsted hu lawv mating. Cov no yog cov yooj yim cov kev cai uas tso cai rau peb mus formulate Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases. Protolytic tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev nyob rau tib lub, vim hais tias tej yam khoom uas, nyob ntawm seb tus mob, thiab tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug acid thiab ib lub hauv paus.
Tom qab ntawd nws tsim cov kev tshawb xav Bronsted acid-puag catalysis, thiab Lowry ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag ua si ntawm cov organic tebchaw.
kev tshawb xav solvosistem
Solvosistem kev tshawb xav nyob thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tswv yim muab rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Arrhenius thiab Ostwald. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog siv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog protic kuab tshuaj. Lawv muaj nws peb Americans - Cady, Franklin thiab Kraus.
Raws li qhov no hypothesis, raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ion lus dag kuab. Nws muaj lub peev xwm mus ua txhaum li mus rau hauv ib tug neeg ions nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm kuab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntawv thiab anion. Wherein thawj ion yog lithium thiab lub thib ob - ion Liat. Raws li siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv protic kuab peev xwm ntawm Identify ib proton los ntawm tej nruab nrab molecules ntawm ib cov kua mus rau lwm lub. Li txoj kev vaj huam sib luag naj npawb ntawm cov anions thiab cations.
Cov khoom ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua lub kuab thiab ntsev.
Qhov no kev tshawb xav yog siv los twv seb lub tshua ntawm acids thiab bases nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kuab tshuaj. Nws yog tseem tau mus tswj cov dab siv ib tug hnyav. Ziag piav nyob rau hauv kom meej lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj muaj tsis muaj oxygen thiab hydrogen.
Lewis kev tshawb xav
Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS muaj lub sij hawm "Lewis acid". Qhov no ion los yog molecule uas muaj ib tug dawb electron orbitals, uas muaj peev xwm txais electron officers. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub protons - hydrogen ions thiab ions ntawm tej co, thiab tej yam ntsev substance.
Yog hais tias lub Lewis acid yog tsis hydrogen, nws yog hu ua aprotic.
kev tshawb xav Mikhail Usanovich
Maximally general kev tshawb xav ntawm acids thiab bases nyob rau hauv 1939 formulated lub Soviet chemist Mihail Usanovich.
Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub notion tias sis ntawm tej acid thiab puag yuav ua rau ib tug salification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li, ib tug acid yog txhais tias yog tus particle nws tus kheej yog cleaved los ntawm cov cations, xws li protons, thiab kuj coj tshaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm anions thiab feem ntau electrons.
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub hauv paus yog ib tug particle uas muaj lub peev xwm los muab nws tus kheej mus rau lub proton los yog lwm yam ntawv. Tab sis nws muaj peev xwm tseem yuav muab ib tug electron los yog anion. Cov yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm lub Lewis kev tshawb xav yog tias lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "puag" thiab "acid" no tsis yog tus qauv ntawm cov electron plhaub, thiab cov kos npe rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub particle.
Nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm Mikhail Usanovich muaj shortcomings. Chief ntawm lawv - ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kwvyees thiab vague hais ntawm lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no kev tshawb xav tsis pub kom muab ib tug ntau twv ua ntej ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm tus sis ntawm acids thiab bases.
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