Pob zeb-txoj kev minerals ntawm igneous, sedimentary thiab metamorphic pob zeb

Feem ntau ntawm cov pob zeb-txoj kev mineral yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab - lub pob zeb. Cov feem ntau quartz, mica, Feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene thiab lwm tus neeg. Meteorites thiab daim pob zeb, dhau lawm, mus rau lawv. Tej pob zeb-txoj kev mineral belongs rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv los yog lwm - mus rau lub ntsiab, uas yog ntau tshaj li kaum feem pua, theem nrab - txog li kaum feem pua, accessory - tsawg tshaj li ib feem pua. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog tias muaj cov yooj yim, yog silicates, chop, oxides, chlorides los yog sulfates.

sib txawv

Pob zeb-txoj kev mineral tej zaum yuav lub teeb (leucocratic, Salic), xws li quartz, feldspathoids, feldspars, thiab cov zoo li, thiab ib tug maub xim (melanocratic, mafic) raws li olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, thiab lwm tus neeg. Lawv kuj txawv los ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg. Pob zeb-txoj kev mineral yog silica, carbonate los yog halogen pob zeb. Paragenesis - ib tug ua ke ntawm ntau hom, defining lub npe, hu ua lub cardinal. Piv txwv li, nrog rau Granites oligoclase, microcline thiab quartz.

Ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov pob zeb-txoj kev minerals, uas muab qhov chaw lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv petrographic taxonomy - diagnostic los yog symptomatic. Qhov no quartz feldspathoids thiab olivine. Tsis tas li ntawd qhov txawv thawj minerals syngenetic txoj kev rau tag nrho cov tsiaj thiab theem nrab uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tus yug. Nyob hauv lub ntsiab pob zeb-txoj kev minerals yog cov tshuaj hais hu ua petrogenic. Yog O, N, F, S, C, Cl, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

thaj chaw ntawm cov zaub mov

Crystal qauv thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog txiav txim los ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm tag nrho cov minerals. Mob yog nqa tawm siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm analytical hom kev kawm - spectral tsom xam, Science News for KIDS, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Nyob rau hauv teb xyaum txiav txim protozoa (diagnostic) thaj chaw ntawm minerals purely visually los ntawm lub qhov muag. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog lub cev. Txawm li cas los, lub caij nyoog txhais ntawm mineral yuav tsum tau ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm diagnostic txoj kev. Ib txhia zog muaj ntau minerals tej zaum yuav tib yam, thaum lwm tus neeg - yog tsis.

Nws nyob ntawm tus muaj neeg kho tshuab impurities, lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees thiab zoo xaiv. Heev tsis tshua lub ntsiab zog yog li ntawd, yam ntxwv, hais tias nws yog tau los yog kev tshawb nrhiav tej roob pob zeb. Diagnostic khoom no muab faib ua peb pawg. Kho qhov muag thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ua tsaug rau lawv cia txiav txim ntawm lub thaj chaw rau txhua txhua ib pob zeb. Peb pab pawg neeg - lwm yam, muaj zog pab tau rau mob tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tej yam minerals.

Monomineral thiab polymineral tsiaj

Pob zeb pob zeb - ib tug natural mineral accumulations ntawm loj, yuav tsum vov lub nto ntawm lub ntiaj teb, noj ib feem nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm nws cov tawv ntoo. Ntawm no, raws li tau hais tias, yuav sib txawv kiag li nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub substance. Cov pob zeb, uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg - ib zaug xwb mineral hu ua monomineral, thiab tag nrho cov lwm yam uas muaj ob hom ntawm cov pob zeb thiab ntau - multimineral. Piv txwv li, limestone - calcite nkaus, yog li ntawd, nws monominerals. Tab sis granite - ntau haiv neeg. Lawv muaj xws li ob qho tib si quartz thiab mica, thiab Feldspar, thiab thiaj li ntau npaum li cas txawv.

Mono- thiab multimineral nyob ntawm uas geological dab muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Koj muaj peev xwm noj tej roob pob zeb, thiab los txhais tau lub caij nyoog thaj av ntawd, txawm tus heev qhov chaw uas nws tau npaum li cas. Lawv zoo li txhua lwm yam, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog yuav luag yeej tsis tau tib yam. Cov no yog cov tag nrho cov kawm pob zeb. Lub pob zeb ntau tag nrho cov zoo tib yam, tab sis lawv cov tshuaj zog raug tsim los ntawm txawv dab.

keeb kwm

Raws li cov tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas lub tsim ntawm roob, paub qhov txawv sedimentary, metamorphic thiab igneous pob zeb. Rau igneous pob zeb muaj xws li ib tug uas twb tsim los ntawm cov tawg ntawm magma. Liab-kub, molten pob zeb, cua txias cia, muab rau hauv ib tug khoom siv lead ua loj. Qhov no txoj kev mus rau hauv peb hnub.

Lub molten magma loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw uas cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kub siab thiab kub, txawm lub fact tias muaj ntau yam ntawm lub tebchaw yog nyob rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev. Lub siab forces lub magma mus rau qhov chaw los yog nyob ze rau nws fits thiab pib kom txias. Qhov ntau thaum tshav kub kub yog poob, qhov ntau dua qhov loj crystallizes. txiav txim seb tus crystallization tus nqi thiab siv lead ua luaj. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub cua txias txheej txheem yog ceev ceev, lub gases qhuav, li ntawd, zoo-grained pob zeb yog tau, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tob yog tsim loj muaju.

Effusive thiab sib sib zog nqus crystalline pob zeb

Crystallized magma yog muab faib nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab nta uas muab cov kev pab pawg neeg lub npe. Los ntawm magmatic pob zeb koom effusive pab pawg neeg, i.e. extrusive thiab sab pab pawg neeg - tob crystallization. Raws li twb tau hais, qhov txias magma nyob rau hauv txawv kev kawm, thiab yog li ntawd tau ntau pob zeb-txoj kev mineral. Izlivshayasya volatilization roj enriched nrog ib co tshuaj tebchaw thiab lwm yam yuav poorer. Me muaju yog tau. Nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus magma tshuaj tebchaw yog tsis tshiab, Thaum tshav kub kub ploj maj mam, yog li cov muaju nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv loj.

Effusive pob zeb yog andesites thiab basalts, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lawv, rarer Lipari tag nrho cov lwm yam pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab yog insignificant. Sib sib zog nqus tsim feem ntau porphyry thiab granite, lawv yog nees nkaum lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li tag nrho cov lwm leej lwm tus. Primary igneous pob zeb nyob rau nyob tus yeees ntawm quartz muab faib ua tsib pawg. Crystalline pob zeb muaj xws li ib tug ntau ntawm impurities, cov uas yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg ib tug ntau yam ntawm micro- thiab ultramicroelements uas cov kaub puab cover tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

magma

Magma muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov periodic rooj yeej Ti, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm volatile Cheebtsam - chloro, Fluoro, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon thiab nws oxides thiab thiaj li nyob, ntxiv dej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov chav. Thaum lub magma yog tsiv mus rau ntawm qhov chaw, ho thiaj li tus naj npawb ntawm lub yav tas. Thaum cua txias magma silicate ntaub ntawv - ib tug mineral uas nruab nrab yog ntau silica tebchaw. Silicates hu ua tag nrho xws li lub tswv yim minerals - ntsev nrog silicic acid. Aluminosilicates muaj ntsev aluminosilicate acids.

Basalt magma ntsiab, nws muaj lub widest faib thiab ib nrab muaj silica, cov seem tsib caug feem pua - yog magnesium, hlau, poov hlau, txhuas (ho), phosphorus, titanium, poov tshuaj, sodium (sab). Basaltic magma muab faib mus rau hauv oversaturated nrog silica - tholeiitic thiab olivine-nplua nuj basalt alkalis. Granitic magma - qaub, rhyolite, silica nyob rau hauv nws ntau heev tshaj dua, mus txog rau caum feem pua, tab sis cov kev ceev yog dej khov dua, tsawg agile thiab hnyav ncawv noo nrog lub roj cua. Tej nqi ntawm magma yog lossi evolving nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tshuaj dab.

silicates

Qhov no yog lub feem ntau ntau chav kawm ntawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso minerals - ntau tshaj li xya caum-tsib feem pua ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, raws li zoo raws li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov paub cov zaub mov. Feem ntau ntawm lawv - lub pob zeb-txoj kev thiab magmatic thiab metamorphic keeb kwm. Silicates yog tsim thiab sedimentary pob zeb, thiab ib co ntawm lawv pab txiv neej jewels ore kom tau hlau (iron silicate, piv txwv li) thiab yog tsim raws li cov zaub mov.

Lawv muaj ib tug complex qauv thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub Khoos Loos Tsev daim phiaj tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm ionic pawg tetravalent SiO ₄ - ob chav tetraerd. Silicates yog kob, ntiv nplhaib, saw, siv, daim ntawv (khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg), cev. Qhov no cais yog nyob rau hauv lub ua ke ntawm silicon tetraerdov.

kev faib ntawm pob zeb

Niaj hnub nimno taxonomy nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no pib nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua thiab lub thib nees nkaum tau zoo kawg txoj kev loj hlob raws li qhov kev kawm ntawm petrography, petrology. Nyob rau hauv 1962 nws twb xub tsim Petrographic Committee ntawm lub USSR. Tam sim no lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv lub Moscow IGEM.

Lub degree ntawm ob hloov volcanic pob zeb txawv ob kaynotipnye - hluas, tsis tau hloov, thiab palaeotypal - qub, leej twg tau recrystallized nrog rau cov zaj uas lub sij hawm. Qhov no volcanic pob zeb, clastic, uas raug tsim thaum lub sij hawm uas thiab muaj piroklastitov (thooj). Tshuaj kev faib implies division rau hauv pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm silica. Igneous pob zeb nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav ua tau ultrabasic, yooj yim, theem nrab, acid thiab ultra-acid.

Batholiths thiab stocks

Heev loj, lus zoo li tus masses ntawm sab pob zeb no yog hu ua batholiths. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov formations yuav kwv yees los ntawm ntau txhiab square kilometers. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus yog ib feem ntawm lub tais roob, qhov chaw uas batholiths cuag rau tag nrho cov roob system. Tsim ntawm ntxhib-grained granite nrog growths, dab thiab protrusions, tsim los ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm granitic magma.

Lub pas nrig muaj ib tug yeej los yog elliptical ntoo khaub lig-sectional zoo. Lawv yog cov me me thiab nyob rau hauv loj batholith - feem ntau yog ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj li ib puas square kilometers, tej zaum - ob puas, tab sis tus so ntawm lub zog yog zoo sib xws. Muaj ntau rods protrude los ntawm tus luj ntawm lub batholith zoo li dome. Lawv phab ntsa steeply ntsw, lus nkhaus.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Mushroom los yog dome zoo li tus tsim tsim los ntawm cov khov magmas, hu ua laccoliths. Muaj feem ntau pawg. Lawv yog cov me me nyob rau hauv loj - txog li ob peb kilometers nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Laccoliths yug menyuam, loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm magma tsa tsis rhuav lub layering ntawm cov kaub puab. Tus heev uas zoo sib xws rau nceb. Etmolity tooj, lub funnel-zoo li tus, nyias feem down. Thaj, lub vos qhib tau txais kev pab tawm los magma.

Lopolith yog saucer-zoo li tus cev, su thiab tsa sawv. Lawv, dhau lawm, ciali kom loj hlob los ntawm qhov av, tsis muaj puas tabkaum ntiaj teb nto, thiab cov zoo li ncab nws. Lub pob zeb yuav ua ntej los yog tom qab ntawd tej kab nrib pleb tshwm sim - rau txawv yog vim li cas. Magma pom tau tias kev qaug zog thiab siab pib sau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov khoob thiab tej kab nrib pleb, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm absorbing surrounding pob zeb nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub enormous kub. Yog li tsim dikes. Lawv yog cov me me - thoob plaws los ntawm ib nrab ib 'meter' mus rau ob peb puas meters, tab sis txawm rau kilometers yog tsis ua zoo tshaj. Raws li cov magma cools down nyob rau hauv tej kab nrib pleb sai sai dikes yeej ib txwm zoo-grained qauv. Yog hais tias lub roob yog pom nqaim ridges - pob zeb - qhov no yog yuav, dikes, vim hais tias lawv muaj ntau resistant yaig tshaj surrounding pob zeb.