Periodization ntawm ancient Rome. Ntsiab Hnub thiab Txheej xwm

Rome yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm cov lag luam tawm tseem khiav ib ncig ntawm settlements nyob ze ntawm tus dej Tiber. Historians hais tias Rome sawv nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua BC. e. raws li ib tug me me lub zos teeb ob tug central pab pawg neeg Latins thiab cov Sabines. Periodization ntawm ancient Rome muaj xws li peb lub ntsiab theem: cov muaj koob muaj npe, Republican thiab imperial.

Lub legacy ntawm lub Etruscans

Lub Etruscans - ib tug ancient pawg neeg uas nyob rau hauv lub loj heev ib ncig ntawm lub ceg av qab teb (niaj hnub Tuscany). Lawv tau tsim ib tug loj thiab zoo-tsim kev vam meej stretches ntawm tus dej ntws Tiber thiab Arno. Etruscan kab lis kev cai muaj ib tug zoo kawg li tej yam nyob rau hauv cov Loos, uas pub ib tug lossis loj ib feem ntawm lawv cov kev cai thiab kev lis kev cai. Qhov no kev vam meej twb preceded by Roman thiab yog muaj zog tshaj li nws. Tab sis nws twb cov neeg Loos assimilated thiab rhuav tshem cov Etruscans. Periodization ntawm ancient Rome yuav tau tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis muaj Etruscans, raws li cov neeg Loos siv tag nrho cov legacy ntawm nws predecessors nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim ib tug haib tshaj lub xeev.

Nrhiav ntawm Rome

Nrhiav ntawm Rome pib nrog cov lus dab neeg ntawm Romulus thiab Remus - ob menyuam ntxaib, uas rov qab mus rau nws cov rightful qhov chaw, thiab avenged nws yawg Numitor.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab II txhiab. BC. e. Tiber pib khom rau hauv qab ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Latin Siculo. Latina qhia lawv ib ncig ntawm ob toj - qhov Palatine thiab Veliey. Qhov seem toj Sabines nyob. Nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm ob pab pawg neeg, raws li ib tug yuav xav tias yuav, teamed raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm demographic thiab qia dub lub hom phiaj. Nyob rau hauv VIII. BC. e. lub xyoo pua ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm ob pab pawg neeg, uas cim pib ntawm ib tug zoo kawg faj tim teb chaws. Lub ob leeg dag zog ntawm lub fortress ua tau los ntawm lub nroog Loos, uas yog nyob rau ntawm Capitol Hill. Nws yog los ntawm no originates periodization ntawm ancient Rome.

Yog hais tias ntau mus rau hauv cov lus dab neeg, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus Vestal Rhea nyob nrog lub Etruscans. Hmoo yog xws li hais tias nws muab yug mus rau ob tug tub ntawm tus vaj tswv Mars - Romulus thiab Remus. Raws li Legend, Ray kom pov cov me nyuam mus rau hauv lub pob tawb nyob rau hauv tus dej. Lawv caij nkoj cia tus dej, thiab tsis ntev mus kev rau lub Palatine Hill, qhov uas lawv khaws cov hma. Lub hnub ntawm lub founding ntawm Rome - 753 BC. e. Xyoo no, Romulus tsa rau hauv lub toj ntawm lub nroog Loos, thiab tus hma tau ua ib yam dawb ceev thiab Revered tsiaj.

muaj koob muaj npe lub sij hawm

Hnub puag Rome pib tsarist lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm uas lub xeev txoj cai 7 vajntxwv. Kav cov vaj ntxwv kav raws li nram no: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius thiab Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Periodization ntawm ancient Rome tsis muaj lub 7 vajntxwv yog unthinkable, vim hais tias lawv tso qhov yooj yim hauv paus rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman.

Chiv, Romulus tus kav ua ke nrog Tatsiem - huab tais ntawm cov Sabines, tab sis tom qab nws tuag, Romulus txuas ntxiv mus kav ib leeg (753-715 BC ..). Nws reign yog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv hais tias nws tsim ib tug senate, nws muaj peev xwm ntxiv dag zog rau Palatine thiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov Roman zej zog.

Cov vaj ntxwv thib ob, Numa Pompilius, differed ib tug zoo piety thiab kev ncaj ncees. Tullus Hostilius yog warlike vajntxwv uas tiv thaiv nrog Fidenami, Sabina thiab Veyyami. Ankh Marcius txhab tus ciam teb ntawm lub nroog Loos ntawm lub hiav txwv, kom ntxiv dag zog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Etruscans. Nws tsis tau siv ib zaug xwb kev tsov kev rog.

Tarquinius Priscus yog tus Etruscans. Rome twb enriched nrog nrhav nyob rau hauv cov lus, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev ntseeg. Tarquin Senate nce los ntawm 100 tus neeg. Nws kuj tiv thaiv nrog cov neeg zej zog, thiab pib ib tug ntev txoj kev ntawm txhuav lub marshy chaw ntawm lub nroog. Servius Tullius yeej ib txwm tau ib tug mysterious neeg, txij li thaum txawm nws cov keeb kwm tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej. Tarquinius Superbus, tus tub ntawm Tarquinius Prisca, seized hwj chim los ntawm kev uas. Nws ua vajntxwv kav brutally thiab tsis suav tias yog ib tug Senate lub tswv yim.

Kav Tarquinius Superbus thiab kuj tej kev txog kev Sextus Tarquinius (huab tais tus tub) coj mus rau lub fact tias cov imperial hwj chim tsis yeem. Yuav kom ib tug loj raws li no tau txais kev pab raws li cov Latin-Sabine patricians.

Nrhiav ntawm cov koom pheej

Koom pheej lub sij hawm, tsis txhob lengthy, yog li historians faib nws mus rau hauv ob qhov chaw: Early Roman koom pheej thiab lub caij Roman Republic. Early Roman Republic yog yus muaj los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub aristocracy thiab patricians, uas qhia mus rau lub plebs - lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub vanquished neeg. Lub plebeians twb tsis muaj txoj cai: lawv raug txwv tsis pub nqa riam phom, thiab lawv txij ua nkawm yog tsis pom zoo raws li tsim nyog. Tag nrho cov no twb npaj mus rau deprive lawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm tag nrho cov sab. Qhov teeb meem ntawm lub Roman koom pheej yog tshwm sim los precisely los ntawm no confrontation patricians thiab plebeians.

Republican system yog tsis ntau hloov cov nom tswv qauv ntawm Rome. Es tsis txhob, lub neej-ntev huab tais hwj chim tau txais ob raug xaiv consuls, uas kav tag nrho lub xyoo. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv lub sij hawm, lub consuls qhia rau Senate.

Thaum lub sij hawm thaum ntxov koom pheej cov neeg Loos koom nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm kev tsov kev rog uas coj mus rau lub capture ntawm ltalis. Twb los ntawm 264 BC. e. Rome yog cov haib tshaj lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Mediterranean. Lig koom pheej twb cim los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov Punic Wars, cov neeg Loos uas coj mus rau lub conquest ntawm Carthage. Txawm li cas los, lub ntsoog ntawm lub Roman koom pheej loj hlob thiab ntau dua.

Roman Samnite Wars (343-290 BC. E.)

Roman Samnite Wars muaj peb lub sij hawm, thiab yog ib tug series ntawm armed tsis sib haum. Ua kom muaj qhov kev sib ntaus nyob rau hauv thawj ob kev tsov kev rog tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug phiaj los nqis tes - ib tug zoo nkauj thiab fertile cheeb tsam ntawm ltalis. Qhov thib peb rov ntawm tsov rog twb tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshem tawm ntawm cov kev hem thawj ntawm cov Samnites nyob rau hauv Central Ltalis.

Peb servile ua tsov ua rog (74-71 BC. E.)

Nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, nws tau tshee nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov qhev, thiab lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau deteriorate. Tej yam zoo thiab lub brutal txoj cai ntawm Sulla - ob lub ntsiab ua rau ntawm lub revolt ntawm Spartacus. Nws pib tom qab tus kav txoj kev tuag thiab tau mus txog enormous proportions. Rau cov tub rog ntawm Spartacus khaws cia mus txog khiav tawm hauv tsev qhev, leej twg tau kawm nyob rau hauv gladiatorial kev sib ntaus los. Nrog nws ntxeev siab pab tub rog dhau los ntawm ltalis thiab xav hla mus rau cov kob ntawm Sicily, tab sis twb dag los ntawm pirates. Nws yog tus teev ntawm tus xov tooj thiab scale ntawm lub rebellion, uas tau qhia lub siab loj thiab nqhis dej rau txoj kev ywj pheej los ntawm qhev.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub revolt twb strangled. Nws poob nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua Spartacus nws tus kheej, thiab tag nrho cov minions tuag saum ntoo khaublig raws Appian Way ib tug ceeb toom rau lwm tus neeg.

Gaius Yuliy Tsezar

Gaius Yuliy Tsezar yog tus dictator, lub nplij siab, kom txog thaum nws tau los ua Pontifex Maximus ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws. Great cawv rau cov tim teb chaws Ottoman nws muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub xeem xyoo. Caesar muaj nqis los ntawm ib tug patrician, yog li ntawm yug tau txais vaj txiaj ntsim nrog ib tug tej lub hwj chim.

Nws yog ib tug cunning politician thiab bribed neeg nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev uas. Qhov no ua hauj lwm zoo kawg, thiab nws muaj zog pab txhawb nqa cov neeg zoo tib yam. Caesar tus dictatorship twb xav thiab chant tag nrho. Nws tau pom nws tej txuj ci ntawm tus poj commander thiab strategist nyob rau hauv lub Gallic ua tsov ua rog, yeej lub Germans.

Nws ua ntau yam mus ua si, txhab cov teb chaws Ottoman. Caesar yog cunning, tab sis ceev faj. Historians hais nws qhov khoom pub hais lus, vim hais tias muaj ntau zaus nws tsa lub morale ntawm cov tub rog ib nyuag hais lus. Caesar tseg ob peb tej hauj lwm uas pom tias classics ntawm Latin prose ( "Sau ntawv rau tus Gallic ua tsov ua rog" thiab "Sau ntawv rau lub Civil War"). Nws ua hauj lwm tau muaj ib tug lossis loj cawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Western teb chaws Europe.

Caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub koom pheej

Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub koom pheej yog inevitable, raws li cov laus thiaj discontent loj hlob tsis tshee. Senate hwj chim tau ceased mus muab kev ncaj ncees, nws twb feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm ib tug ob peb noble tsev neeg. Nws yog tseeb hais tias cov Republican system yog tsis haum rau ib tug zoo lub teb chaws. Los ntawm kev ua phem los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm raug kev txom nyem tsis tau tsuas yog cov neeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ze li ntawm ib puas xyoo-laus tsis txaus siab koom pheej poob. Lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no twb ua si los ntawm cov tub rog.

faj tim teb chaws

Tus tswv xeev ntawm Rome, twb tau paub los ntawm cov huab tais ntawm lub fact tias cov laus tsoom fwv twb overthrown los ntawm cov tub rog (hu ua hu ua tus generals emperors). Tus thawj lub xyoo pua peb Rome tseem Republican kev txiav txim. Tus huab tais yog tus chief nyob rau hauv lub Senate thiab twb hu ua "Princeps". Xub thawj, lub Roman faj tim teb chaws yog heev kev ywj pheej, thiab tag nrho cov hwj chim yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub Senate. Tus thawj tus huab tais ntawm Rome yog Octavian Augustus. Nws ua tiav lub tsim ntawm ib tug kws Roman pab tub rog, uas ntawd kub ntev li txog ib tiam. Cov tub rog yuav tsum tau pab 20-25 xyoo, tsis muaj txoj cai mus pib ib lub tsev neeg thiab cov nyob rau ib lub nyiaj.

Julio-Claudian dynasty pib Tiberius Klavdiy Neron - lub thib ob huab tais ntawm lub nroog Loos, uas zoo heev txhab rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lawv ntiag tug. Nyias nws yog tsim nyog los faib ib feem peb ntawm cov huab tais - Caligula, uas kom hu nws tus kheej ua "Vajtswv" thiab cog cov imperial cult. Nws nyob hauv ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog teev thiab ib tug ntau ntawm cov nyiaj los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj siv rau cov sawv cev rau qhov qis dua strata ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nws txoj cai tau tshwm sim los ib tug pej xeem outcry, thiab nws raug tua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lwm koom tes.

Tom ntej no mus lub hwj chim ntawm lub nroog Loos tuaj Flavian dynasty, uas tsim nyog tiv thaiv nws cov liaj ia tebchaws thiab nthuav nws cov ciam teb rau lwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tau ua nws tus kheej yeeb yam - Colosseum. Ces txoj cai thiab sab qaum teb ntawm lub Antonine dynasty.

Flavian dynasty thiab lub Colosseum (69-96 BC. E.)

Qhov no dynasty tau ua ib lub ntiaj teb no-nrov vaj tse - lub amphitheatre ntawm lub Colosseum, uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm peb tej toj roob. Siv cov kev faib ntawm lub tsev uas cog noob 8 xyoo zog ua hauj lwm. Qhov qhib ntawm lub Colosseum nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos twb cim los ntawm loj-scale merrymaking gladiators. Muaj ntau ancient historians piav raws li ib tug loj-scale qhib-cua amphitheatre thiab ib tug spectacular saib.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lub npe "Colosseum" muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub VIII xyoo pua. Muaj ob versions ntawm lub npe. Tus thawj yog qhov luaj li cas thiab grandeur ntawm vaj tse, thiab lub thib ob version yog hais tias lub npe los ntawm lub enormous pej thuam ntawm Nero, uas nws tsa nyob rau hauv nws yawm.

Nyob rau hauv Coliseum nqa gladiatorial, marine igrishcha thiab w tsiaj. Tag nrho cov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm rau cov hnub caiv, los yog nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus distinguished qhua. Nyob rau hauv 217 lub tuam tsev no yog ntaus los ntawm ib tug loj heev hluav taws, tiam sis los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Alexander Severus nws twb rov qab los.

Antonine dynasty

Cov reign ntawm lub Antonine dynasty yog suav tias yog ntau dua los yog tsawg ruaj rau Rome. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Antonina lub npe hu ua lub "tsib zoo emperors". Cov Roman faj tim teb chaws thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Antonine dynasty mus txog rau nws ncov. kaj siab lug tau tau tiav nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Senate, nws raug thaum kawg pom tau hais tias los ntawm lub autocracy. Nrog kev xav txog rau txawv teb chaws txoj cai, Rome maximize lawv ciam teb rau lwm.

Lub reign Antonina Piya (96-192 BC. E.)

Cov reign ntawm huab tais Antonina Piya yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug unprecedented flowering ntawm me me lub zos thiab lub xeev. Nws yog qhib thiab muaj rau txhua tus nws ob txhais tes cia, thiab nws yog ntseeg tau attracted rau nws cov neeg. Cov kev ua ub nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev cai lij choj kev sib raug zoo yog qhov tseeb hais tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua III lub Roman txoj cai pib tsim los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb. Huab tais pab 5 zoo-paub cov kws lij choj, uas twb tau mus tsa tus Roman txoj cai rau ib theem tshiab. Nws kuj qhia cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb, uas nyeem hais tias lub pre-mus sib hais neeg yuav ua tsis tau txhaum ntawm dab tsi.

Pius kuj tsa tus txheej xwm ntawm qhev nyob hauv zej zog, equating lub tua neeg ntawm ib tug qhev rau qhov dog dig ua txhaum. Ntxiv mus, tus qhev uas nrhiav qhov chaw nkaum nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub tuam tsev yuav tsis raug xa rov qab rau lawv cov tswv. Huab tais softened tsim txom rau cov qhev thiab txwv kev ua cev qhev coj nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mus txog rau 14 xyoo. Nws kuj qhia ib txoj cai uas hais tias tus ntxhais ntawm nyiam yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum nkag mus rau hauv ib tug sib yuav daim ntawv cog lus. Pius Board xam tau tias yog ib tug heev siab zoo, uas pab rau tus ntawm Greek philosophy thiab stoicism.

Mark Avrely

Lub reign uas huab tais Marcus Aurelius los ntawm lub Antonine dynasty lom zem ntau tso siab rau postulates Antonina Piya. Mark Avrely yeej ib txwm hais txog kev hwm rau lub Senate, npaum li cas mloog yog them mus rau sab xis. Nws txhawb cov neeg pluag tsev neeg, tsim ib tug philosophy. Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm nws nws yog nyob ntsiag to, tab sis lub neej yuam nws mus koom nyob rau hauv hostilities.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws coj qhov chaw tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Western Roman faj tim teb chaws. Yog vim li cas rau cov uas yog cov tawm tsam ntawm lub barbarians nyob rau tag nrho ib ncig ntawm lub nroog Loos. 476 lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws yog lub historic hnub, uas cim rau tag nrho cov kawm tiav ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog Loos. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm koom invading Visigoths thiab Ostrogoths, lub Burgundians thiab cov Vandals. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, lub siab rau lub teb chaws Ottoman by Germanic pab pawg neeg tsuas intensified, thiab 476 lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws yog lub apogee. Tsis ntev lub Roman zwm txwv los ua ib tug ntxias tau plaything rau barbarian warlords.

Chronology ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient Rome yog tag nrho ntawm scary, bizarre thiab ntshav txheej xwm. Tab sis tom qab mus ntawm tag nrho cov kauj ruam, Rome yuav tsis tau los ua ib tug haib faj tim teb chaws, uas yog tau muaj tej yam loj loj rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no. Nws tshuav ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev cai monuments, raws li zoo raws li lub invaluable ua hauj lwm ntawm nws zoo tshaj plaws emperors, philosophers.