Nyees khawm: keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim, hom, daim ntawv thov. Golden khawm. khaub ncaws kom paub meej

Mus ua hauj lwm txhua txhua hnub, txoj kev kawm los yog taug kev, peb tsis muab tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb nyees khawm ntawm cov khaub ncaws. Lawv tau ua thiaj li paub thiab commonplace accessory hais tias tej zaum lawv cia li tsis pom thiab yog fastened los ntawm inertia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov nyees khawm yog heev nthuav thiab nplua nuj. Ib tug los ze zog saib qhov no zoo ntawm khawm ris.

semantics nyees khawm

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, lo lus muaj feem xyuam rau "qauv", "Pugachev", "frightening." Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub khawm Slavs ascribed ib tug tiv nuj nqi thiab frightening. hu ua "pugalka" Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov phau ntawv txhais lus Dahl, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab dialects ntev persisted. Yog li ntawd-hu ua tshwj xeeb accessory-tswb, uas yog txuas mus rau lub dab tshos, los yog dai rau ntawm ib cov saw. Txij ancient Sanskrit "Puga" - ib tug "nplawm" thiab "Vitsa" - "tus nplawm", "ceg me", "nplawm." Thiab nws muab tawm hais tias ib lub pob hu ua pugohlystom, knutovitsey los yog pugoprutom. Hais tias yog, muaj kuj yog ib tug daunting muaj nuj nqi.

"Khawm» (khawm) Nrog cov lus Askiv txhais tau tias "ua paj" - uas tsis tau qheb paj. Qhov no qhia tias nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe tus me lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws nqa tuas ua ke thiab aesthetic hniav muaj nuj nqi. Raws li tus txhais lus los ntawm cov Romanesque, muaj tsiaj ntawv cov lus uas muaj lub luag Iwm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv thawj lub suab: "loaf", "Boughton" thiab "bot". Lawv meant "rau chob", "chob", "thawb los ntawm".

"Khawm" nyob rau hauv Arabic, yog ib tug homonym roses thiab suab zoo li "tharrah". Tiam sis nrog lub ancient Persian txhais lus ntawm cov lo lus txhais tau tias "kub". Nws yuav lam xav tias nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm lub khawm nyob rau hauv cov chaw symbolizing lub hnub, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau raug muab ntiab nkaus ntawm precious hlau.

hom

Vim lub fact tias cov nyees khawm yog nplua nuj heev nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, qhov no daim ntawm cov khaub ncaws yog hnub no sawv cev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm cov xim thiab cov duab. Cov feem ntau yog ca puag ncig ntawm kev xaiv. Tab sis koj muaj peev xwm kuj tau raws li tseem ceeb, kheej kheej, oval, cylindrical, voos, square, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj, thiab lwm yam nyees khawm. Txhua daim ntawv muab ib tug cim style, yog li zam thiab needlewoman ua tib zoo xaiv cov nyees khawm, yog li ntawd lawv muab nrog cov ntaub thiab yeej ntawm cov khaub ncaws.

Nyob rau hauv siab thov yog hais nrog ob los yog plaub los ntawm-qhov, yam tsawg kawg - peb. Piv txwv li, xws leej niam ntawm pearl nyees khawm los ua honors ntawm cov txiv neej lub tsho hom "Van Laak." Fasteners nrog ib tug los ntawm qhov (xws li ib tug ca hlaws), los yog muaj ib tug tab uas muab thiab xov. Hom ris tsis xaws, thiab yog mounted rau cov khaub ncaws. Qhov no khawm muaj ib tug khoom taw-thiab carnations floating lub kaus mom. Muaj kuj yog ib tug Canadian. Nws muaj ob tug oblong qhov thiab slits los ntawm kev uas thiab nyab xeeb nrog daim kab xev.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus kaw ntom nti ua nyees khawm sib txawv nyob rau hauv loj. Loj thiab tuab sia sewn nyob rau tuab fabrics thiab garments. Ib tug nyias thiab me me leej niam ntawm pearl nyees khawm yog zoo tagnrho rau cov teeb cov ntaub ntawv.

zog fasteners

Cov khoom no ntawm cov khaub ncaws twb hloov thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws muab tawm hais tias cov nyees khawm txawv nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj. Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev khiav dej num lawv yuav ua?

1. utilitarian. Hais tias yog, nws yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj fasteners, fastening khaub ncaws kom paub meej.

2. Cov Ntaub Ntawv. Nyob rau lub khawm, koj muaj peev xwm txiav txim rau txoj hauj lwm los yog raws li txoj cai.

3. Khawv koob. Pugovok ua tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm talismans thiab amulets.

4. Tus zoo nkauj. Tej zaum fasteners yog sewn li kho kom zoo nkauj.

Cia peb xav txog, dab tsi yog qhov keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm cov nyees khawm thiab dab tsi hloov nws tau undergone lub sij hawm.

ancient fasteners

Chiv, txheej thaum ub cov neeg tsis siv cov nyees khawm, thiab khi ib tug pob caus khaub ncaws tswv yim los yog threaded ib tug ib tug daim mus rau hauv lub qhib ntawm lwm tus. Tom qab ntawd, lawv twv yuav siv txoj siv tawv, thiab txiav pins ntawm cov pob txha, nrog, pob zeb, nroj tsuag, pos, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv rau ntawm txhais tes. Nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt nws yog ib tug twb tau nrov txoj kev uas yuav bond nrog buckles. Lub hiob finds hnub rov qab mus rau 2800 BC.

Tom qab ntawd (txog 2000 BC), cov neeg pib mus ua hlau thiab shapeless av nplaum npas nrog qhov. Tab sis ib co ntawv luam thiaj li zoo huv si thiab leej hais tias lawv yuav nrog los ntawm txoj kev ib tug thread. Tsis tas li ntawd peb nrhiav tau cov nyees khawm ua los ntawm zoo li, uas yog theej siv raws li kho kom zoo nkauj. Remarkably, fasteners ua los ntawm cov neeg zoo li ntawm shellfish, nrov rau hnub no.

Archaeologists hais finds ntawm pob zeb uas hnub rov qab mus rau 1500 BC, yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau tej qhov chaw. Uas yog, cov neeg tau siv rau fastening, tsis yog raws li ornaments zoo li tus neeg zoo li. Lwm muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas - tsob ntoo no. Tab sis cov khoom ntawm cov khaub ncaws tawm ntawm nws yog tsis pom. Ib tug yuav tsuas xav hais tias cov ntoo nyees khawm kuj ntau. Tab sis nyob rau hauv view ntawm nws cov khoom tsuas lwj tas thiab tsis tau ciaj sia rau peb lub sij hawm.

Nyees khawm raws li amulets

Niaj hnub no, ob peb cov neeg nco ntsoov tias cov khoom ntawm cov khaub ncaws tseem ceeb tej yam yees siv amulets uas ua hostile rog. Ntawm lawv yog cov pebbles, hlaws dai, paj ntaub, neeb thiab psevdozastezhki, uas tau txuas mus rau ib tug saw los yog ntseg tsho. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Novgorod twb pom ib lub tsho nrog ib tug loj liab khawm. Nws twb tsis buttoned, thiab yeej tsis yog ib qho qhia txog yam tshiab. Liab Slavs ntshai tawm cov ntsujplig phem thiab yog nrov. Vim hais tias nws muaj peev xwm yuav sib cav hais tias lub khawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug talisman. Suav muaj ib tug tej yam yees siv motives ntau ntau yam ntshav buckles, nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm uas - "liab Nrig".

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub hollow hlau los yog ntoo nyees khawm tso pellet, ib daig pob zeb los yog tin, uas cov lus tsa suab luam tawm muffled suab, xws li neeb. Rau lawv raws li amulets tau muab tso rau ib cov saw los yog sewn mus rau lub cev tsoos tsho. Ntau mascot li siv kruglyashi tiaj nrog plaub qhov. Ntawm no, tseem ceeb heev muaj txoj kev xaws xws nyees khawm. Piv txwv li, nyiam wealth stitches yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub Z, kom tau khaws cia ib tug muaj zog noj qab haus huv thiab kev zoo nkauj - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntoo khaub lig.

lub tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th Venetian masters pib ua cov nyees khawm ntawm lub newest technology. Lub tswv yim yog hais tias lub liab-kub iav pwm sai sai nws txo qis rau hauv lub hws khov dej thiab tshem tawm. Vim hais tias ntawm cov kub txawv rau cov khoom tsim heev heev tej kab nrib pleb. Lawv rov los rau hauv lub khob, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub refraction ntawm lub teeb Nyees khawm puastsuaj nrog ci xim, zoo li ib tug pob zeb diamond. Nws yog ib tug tiag tiag kiv puag ncig!

Ib puas xyoo Florentine craftsmen tau tuaj mus nrog ib tug mosaic tsim rau cov nyees khawm. Lub keeb kwm ntawm qhov no yog tseem tsis tau pom xws li ib tug txhob nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm fasteners. Master rau ib tug silver los yog kub ncej nteg me me daim iav los yog pob zeb nyob rau hauv ib tug chaotic yam, tab sis nws muab tawm zoo nkauj heev. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub khob sab saum toj hlau fasteners rau vij ib tug multi-kob ci. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua nws los ua fashionable txha hniav laus nyees khawm nrog thumbnail theej los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Watteau ntxias thiab Bush. Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm, cov kos duab tsim me me ntsiab lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws flourished.

Button raws li ib tug ua lag ua luam daim

Nyob rau hauv pre-Petrine Russia nyob rau hauv lub fasteners yuav kawm tau ntau yam txog ib tug neeg. Number cov nyees khawm, lawv daim ntawv no muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv los yog cov cim sib tham txog txoj hauj lwm, raws li txoj cai, sib thooj rau lub hwj chim los yog nqis. Txhua tsoos tsho txhais li cas naj npawb ntawm cov nyees khawm tau nruj me ntsis txhais. Piv txwv li, rau lub tsho tiv no tau xaws 8, 11, 13-16, fasteners, thiab lub tsho tiv no - 3, 8, 10-13, 19. Feem ntau cov pugovok yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv tegilyae, quilted armor nrog luv luv tes tsho, uas mus warriors. Tsis tas li ntawd nws muaj ib tug nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom. Piv txwv li, Ivana Groznogo cia siab apparels golden khawm. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ib tug lub tsho tiv no nws twb qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 48 daim thiab lwm yam shone 68 xws fasteners.

Tub rog ibyam, dhau lawm, yuav tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyees khawm. Neeg khiav dej num tau nyiaj los yog kub, thiab cov tub rog - bronze, tooj dag, pewter los yog dag. Thaum khwb generals thiab clasps twb emblematic nuj nqis, uas yog, nrog rau ib qho dav dawb hau. Ib tug txee, tswj los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Royal tsev neeg, coj qhws nyees khawm nrog rau cov duab ntawm ib tug crown. Tom qab ntawd piv txwv txog lub luag hauj lwm tau txuas ntxiv mus rau evolve. Button yuav qhia raws li uas profession yog hais txog cov neeg: tub rog, civil ua hauj lwm, kws tshawb fawb, thiab hais txog. Ib txhia logos siv nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Qhov no yog ib tug Golden khawm nrog ib tug thauj tog rau nkoj rau ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab cov khaub ncaws nrog oak ceg ntawm foresters.

Pluaj nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej thiab poj niam costumes

Nws yog noteworthy tias cov nyees khawm tau ntev tau tshwj tseg rau cov txiv neej. Thiab lawv tej ris tsho, qhov no me me nthuav dav yuav tshwm sim tau tsuas yog nyob rau pem hauv ntej sab ntawm txoj cai. Lub fact tias cov txiv neej hnav khaub ncaws lawv tus kheej thiab zauv teb pem hauv ntej yog ntau yooj yim.

Cov poj niam kuj pab hnav ris tsho tus tub txib. Muaj hnav khaub ncaws uas muaj ib tug corset thiab daim tiab txawm buttoned. Ib tug yuav xav txog tej yam uas hnav khaub ncaws txoj kev yuav coj ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Yuav kom cov nkauj qhe txhua lub sij hawm yuav tsis tig nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm tus hostess, tag nrho cov buckles rau lub dresses tau muab tso rau tom qab. Thiab lawv tau sewn nyob rau sab laug. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov tub qhe yog li ntawd yooj yim zip li, uas txhais tau tias hostess yuav hnav sai sai.

Tom qab ntawd, tus hluas nkauj pib hnav lawv tus kheej, tab sis, kuj ceeb tias, qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm fasteners tau raug fwm rau hnub no. Nco ntsoov tias cov nyees khawm ntawm cov txiv neej tsho yog mus rau sab xis, thiab cov poj niam - nyob rau sab laug.

Nyees khawm raws li ornaments

Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov poj niam txoj kev hnav ris tsho swb pib ua tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug utilitarian muaj nuj nqi, tab sis kuj zoo nkauj. Nws yog ces hais tias muaj yog ib tug "khawm-boom." Hluas nkauj sim rau decorate tag nrho koj hnav ris tsho me me kruglyashami. Thiab txij thaum ntawd los, tag nrho cov fittings twb hlau, cov neeg pluag cov poj niam zam tau tshiav nws mus ci rau cov sij hawm. Yog li ntawd, tau buckles them nrog daim ntaub.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm twb nrov nyees khawm yog loj thiab kim heev. Lawv tau ua nyiaj, kub, iav thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog precious pob zeb. Qhov no tus nqi taub hau tso cia thiab hloov los ntawm ib tug hnav ris tsho mus rau lwm lub. Thiab tsis muaj zem, vim hais tias nws odezhka yuav raug nqi plaub txhiab, thiab cov nyees khawm - yim.

niaj hnub nyees khawm

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 twb nres manually tsim kho vajtse, tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog mechanized. Yog li ntawd, cov nyees khawm poob thiab ua muaj rau cov neeg twb. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th kis ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yas. tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm nws cov ntau yam ntaub ntawv, thiab txhua yam los mus tsim tej figured daim ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm cov ntxhais los ua nrov denim tiab nrog cov nyees khawm. Txij li thaum nws cia li tuaj mus rau hauv Vogue tshwj xeeb-riveting fasteners.

Niaj hnub no cov nyees khawm feem ntau pom raws li ib tug khawm ris thiab raws li ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj rau tsho, tsho tiv no, kaus mom, da dej suits thiab lwm yam khaub ncaws. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau siv raws li cov khoom rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Lawv dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tus neeg dhia tes flats, bowls, koj cov menyuam, tag nrho cov hom ntawm crafts, xws li tsim floral compositions, thiab txawm cov duab.

nthuav lus tseeb

• Lub richest buttoned ce yog tus Fabkis King Francis. Rau nws nws twb sewn ntau tshaj 13,5 txhiab units.

• Ib tug yuav tsum tau cwj pwm ntawm ib tug txiv neej lub tsho dab tshos yog ib tug me me pob. Nws tau xaws rau cov tub rog yog seeb so lub tes tsho.

• Feem ntau cov tau unreliable nyees khawm ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm Napoleon tus pab tub rog. Lawv ua los ntawm txhuas thiab cias li khiav ri ntawm lub zog te.

• Louis XIV nyob rau hauv nws lub neej siv rau lub qawm qho ntau tshaj rau lab nyiaj. Yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas nws hlub lawv.

• Hauv As Kiv teb, muaj ib tug ntev kev lig kev cai ntawm sau nyob rau hauv kev nuv ntses kab los yog txoj hlua ntawm cov feem ntau zoo nkauj nyees khawm. Thaum yuav muaj 999, nws yuav nrhiav tau koj lwm ib nrab.

Qhov kawg ntawm

Tu siab, lub npe ntawm tus txiv neej uas yees ua cov nyees khawm, keeb kwm tsis tau fwm. Txawm tias nws yog tus inventor ntawm lub log, kom meej meej tsim nyog ib tug monument. Lub sij hawm no yuav hloov, thiab fasteners xws li cov khaub ncaws connectors yog nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau. Lawv tau hloov ib ntau yooj yim kev xaiv: zippers thiab Velcro. Txawm tias tej zaum nws tsis yog kev txaus cai. Vim hais tias cov nyees khawm yooj yim los hloov yog tias lawv tsoo los yog cia li xav mus ua tshiab khaub ncaws.