Nws (tshuaj caij) zog mis los

Nws yog tsis tshua muaj nqi rau tag nrho noob neej cov khoom ntawm ib tug roj xws li ozone. Caij, uas nws yog tsim, - no oxygen O. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ozone O ₃ - ib tug allotropic hloov oxygenation muaj peb units ntawm formular (O ÷ O ÷ G). Ib tug thawj thiab ib tug paub compound - yog nws tus kheej cov pa roj yog precisely hais tias nws yog tsim los ntawm ob tug atoms (D = O) - O _2.

Allotropy - muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij mus tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv thaj chaw ntawm tej yam yooj yim sib txuas. Tsaug rau noob neej thiab nais maum kuaj siv tshuaj xws li pob zeb diamond thiab graphite, monoclinic thiab orthorhombic leej faj, cov pa, thiab ozone. Caij muaj xws muaj peev xwm tsis tas tas rau tsuas yog ob tug kev hloov kho, ib txhia ntawm lawv ntau.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations tebchaw

Lub tivthaiv chav tsev ntawm ntau organic thiab inorganic tshuaj, xws li xws li lub ozone - ib tug tshuaj caij uas nws cim O - Pa, nyob rau hauv Greek «oxys» - qaub, thiab «gignomai» - mus muab yug.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm ib tug tshiab allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa thaum lub sij hawm lub thwmsim nrog hluav taws xob ntswg sab nyob rau hauv 1785 lub Dutchman Martijn van Maroun, nws xim twb kos tsw. Ib puas xyoo tom qab Frenchman Christian Friedrich Schönbein sau lub xub ntiag ntawm lub qub tom qab ib tug cua daj cua dub, uas gas lub npe hu ua "losis". Tab sis tej zaum yog dag, ntseeg hais tias lawv kev txiav txim zoo ntawm tsis hnov tsw scented nws tus kheej ozone. Odour hais tias lawv paub tias muaj neeg koom organic tebchaw oxidized los ntawm reacting nrog O _3, raws li cov roj yog heev reactive.

hluav taws xob qauv

Cov tib yam ntxwv fragment yog O2 thiab O3 - ib tug tshuaj caij. Nws muaj ib tug ntau txoj kev teeb tsa. Cov pa oxygen yog tseem yooj yim - ob atoms nrog rau oxygen koom los ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus thiab muaj ϭ- π-tivthaiv, raws li cov valency ntawm lub caij. Hais txog ₃ muaj ob peb resonant lug. Ntau daim ntawv cog lus txuas ob tug oxygen, thiab lub thib peb muaj ib tug tib. Yog li, vim tsiv teb tsaws π-tivthaiv, ib tug tag nrho daim duab ntawm lub peb atoms yog ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab kev twb kev txuas. Qhov no kev sib raug zoo yog luv dua ib zaug xwb, tab sis ntev tshaj li lub ob. Qhov ntau yam ntawm tsis tshua mob heev molecules zaum ua thwmsim tshem tawm.

synthesis txoj kev

Rau tsim ntawm ib tug roj xws li ozone, ib tug tshuaj caij Pa yuav tsum nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous nrab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg atoms. Tej yam kev mob yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsheb sib tsoo ntawm cov pa molecules nrog electrons O ₂ thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws xob ntswg los yog lwm tus uas muaj lub zog, thiab thaum twg nws yog irradiated nrog ultraviolet lub teeb.

Tus tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm ozone ua los ntawm photochemical lawv nyob hauv lub ntuj atmospheric tej yam kev mob. Cov neeg xav kom siv cov tshuaj ua si ntawm lwm txoj kev xws li, piv txwv li, electrolytic synthesis. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv hais tias lub aqueous ntsha nruab nrab platinum electrodes tso thiab tso cai tam sim no. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tswvyim:

H ₂ O + O ₂ → O ₃ + H ₂ + e ^-

lub zog

Pa (O) - unit tivthaiv xws li ozone tshuaj - tshuaj caij uas nws mis thiab txheeb ze hniav puas loj muaj teev nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Sib sau ib O ₃ nrog rau oxygen, nws acquires cov khoom fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov ntawm O _2.

Gas xiav - qhov no yog ib qho lub xeev ntawm xws tebchaw li ozone. Tshuaj caij mis ntau yam ntxwv - tag nrho cov txhais nyob rau hauv lub cim thiab kev kawm txog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes rau nws -111,9 ° C, liquefied lub xeev muaj ib tug maub liab doog xim, thaum ntxiv txos degree rau -197,2 ° C melting pib. Nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation ozone yuav tsos kob dub nrog ib tug liab doog Hawj txawm. Nws solubility kaum lub sij hawm tshaj nws yog vaj tse ntawm lub oxygen O _2. Thaum cov me me ntau nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tsis hnov tsw ntawm ozone, nws yog ntse, kev thiab tsa tus ntxhiab tsw ntawm hlau.

tshuaj zog

Heev active, nrog ib tug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv standpoint, cov roj yog ozone. Tshuaj caij uas nws cov ntaub ntawv - yog oxygen. Cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim seb lub cwj pwm ntawm qhov ozone nyob rau hauv lub sis raug zoo nrog lwm yam tshuaj, - ib tug siab oxidizing muaj peev xwm thiab khov ntawm cov roj nws tus kheej. Thaum tsa tau kub, nws decomposes nyob rau ntawm ib unprecedented tus nqi, leeb tus txheej txheem thiab catalysts xws li hlau oxides, tshuaj dioxide, nitrogen thiab lwm tus neeg. Oxidant zog xam qhovkev yam ntxwv nta ntawm ozone vim lub muaj ntawm cov molecule thiab ib tug nrog cov pa atoms, uas cleaves puv rau hauv cov pa roj: O ₃ → O ₂ + O ·

Pa (tsev thaiv los ntawm uas cov tsev molecule tshuaj xws li oxygen thiab ozone) - tshuaj caij. Raws li nws yog sau nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - Hais txog ·. Nws oxidizes tag nrho co tsuas yog kub thiab platinum thiab nws pab pawg. Nws reacts nrog cov gases nyob rau hauv cov cua - cov leej faj oxides, nitrogen thiab lwm tus neeg. Tsis nyob twj ywm inert thiab organic tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ceev dab yog discontinuities ntau bonds los ntawm lub tsim ntawm intermediate tebchaw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom yog harmless mus rau lub chaw thiab tib neeg. Qhov no dej, pa, ntau dua oxide ntau yam ntsiab carbon oxides. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ozone tsis tuaj binary tebchaw ntawm calcium, titanium thiab silicon nrog oxygen.

daim ntawv thov

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw uas siv "losis" roj - nws ozonation. Xws li ib tug qauv ntawm cov tsis muaj menyuam yog ntau npaum li cas zoo thiab kev ruaj ntseg rau muaj sia nyob tshaj tshuaj tua kab. Thaum purifying dej nrog ozone tsim tshwm sim tshuaj lom derivatives ntawm methane txaus ntshai halogen pawg.

Qhia, qhov no ecological txoj kev kom tsis muaj menyuam yog siv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ua noj. Nws kho nrog tub yees khoom, cia cov chaw rau khoom uas muaj kev pab nws nqa tawm qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tsw.

Rau kev kho mob tshuaj tua kab mob thaj chaw ntawm ozone kuj indispensable. Lawv Tsau tshuaj rau cov qhov txhab, saline daws teeb meem. Ozonated venous ntshav, raws li zoo raws li "losis" gas kho ib tug xov tooj ntawm tus kab mob.

Ua nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tus nqi

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj ozone - caij roj muaj pes tsawg leeg stratosphere cheeb tsam nyob ze qhov chaw situated ntawm ib tug deb ntawm txog 20-30 km ntawm tus nto. Rho tawm ntawm no compound tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem uas txuam nrog rau hluav taws xob ntswg, thaum lub sij hawm welding, lub tshuab luam ntawv apparatus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub stratosphere nws yog tsim thiab muaj 99% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm ozone tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua.

Tseem ceeb heev muaj pov thawj hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov roj nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze-lub ntiaj teb qhov chaw. Nws cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau ntawd ib tug thiaj li hu ua ozone layer, uas tiv thaiv tag nrho lub neej los ntawm tuag ultraviolet hnub ci tawg. Oddly txaus, tab sis nyob rau ib par nrog ib tug loj loj kom zoo dua, cov roj nws tus kheej yog txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Ua lub concentration ntawm ozone nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ua tsis taus pa neeg teeb meem rau tus kab mob, vim hais tias ntawm nws cov huab reactivity.