Ntxias loj leeb thiab lawv creativity. Lavxias teb sab ntxias itinerant xyoo pua puv 19

Lub legacy tseg los ntawm itinerant ntxias, ib tug zoo kawg thiab tiag thiab multifaceted. Lawv pib mus depict nyob rau hauv nws duab ntawm zoo tib yam neeg, lawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej, cwj pwm tsis zoo, txoj kev xav thiab lub siab lub ntsws lub xeev. Nyob rau canvases ntawm ntxias neeg loj leeb tseem saib tau scenes ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, embody lub indomitable quab yuam ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg. Ntawm cov masterpieces ntawm no lub sij hawm no tseem nyob portraits ntawm tib neeg nto moo thiab cov nom tswv cajceg.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub koom haum

Ntxias loj leeb yog thawj Lavxias teb sab realists. Lawv piv lawv creativity nruj kev kawm canons, deb ntawm hnub no lub kev muaj tiag thiab xav tau ntawm kev kawm lub neej. Association ntawm mus txawv tebchaws miv tau ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nthuav keeb kwm ntawm lub zej zog. Nyob rau hauv 1863, kaum plaub ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws kawm tiav ntawm lub Academy of Arts demanded los ntawm cov coj noj coj ua ntawm lub rooj rau lub free kev xaiv ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov kev sib tw txawv. Thaum raug tsis kam, tus tub hluas me nyuam kawm ntawv tsis kam tuaj tawm los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv los npaj free association. Nyob rau hauv 1870, nyob rau cov teg num ntawm V. Perov lawv, ua ke nrog lub Moscow ntxias tau tsim Association mus ncig miv. Tus thawj exposition twb qhib twb nyob rau hauv 1871. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, tus tub hluas realists nrhiav portray qhov tseeb lub neej yog lossi kev txom nyem thiab tsim txom peasantry, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm tus nplua nuj thiab cov tswv av. Qhia tau hais tias staged itinerant ntxias tau ib tug zoo poj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau ntau haiv neeg cov nplais ntawm cov pejxeem.

Nyob hauv lub neej ntawm lub koom haum twb tuav plaub caug yim miv nyob rau hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, Yaroslavl, Tula, Saratov, Chisinau, Kazan, Kursk, Voronezh, Poltava, Kharkov, Odessa, Kiev thiab lwm lub zos. "Folk exhibition" kuj tau pib kho nyob rau hauv me me zos, zos thiab Hamlets. kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg - yog ib tug ntawm cov tswv yim caum ntxias neeg loj leeb. Daim ntawv teev cov neeg koom ntawm lub zej zog muaj xws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws sculptors thiab painters ntawm lub puas tawm thiab thib nees nkaum centuries. Cov lawv nemaloizvestny GG Myasoedov, Petrov, I. Kramskoy, K. Sawicki, G. Savrasov, A. Kuindzhi, Shishkin, Repin, Vasnetsov, Levitan, S. Ivanov, . Arkhipov thiab lwm yam eminent personalities.

muaj tswv yim ua ub no

Kaum ib hlis 29, 1871 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg qhib thawj mus txawv tebchaws exhibition. Nyob rau kis lawv hais tej hauj lwm kaum painters. plaub caug xya paintings raug tshaaj los cov neeg tuaj saib. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv Moscow, tus xov tooj ntawm tshaaj paintings mus txog 82. Cov tib exhibition tom qab tsiv mus rau Kiev thiab Kharkov. Tej paintings los ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias ntawm lub loj leeb, raws li cov "Tej zaum Hmo ntuj" (I. Kramskoy), "neeg yos hav zoov rau ntawm So", "Portrait ntawm ib tug neeg ua lag luam I. S. Kamynina," "Neeg nuv ntses", "Portrait ntawm A. N. Ostrovskogo" (VG . Perov), "cov rooks Muaj txog" (A. Savrasov), "empty" (I. Pryanishnikova) nkag mus hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab paintings. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm yog realists cia siab tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev paub ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting, tab sis kuj tau ntawm classical thiab contemporary kos duab lub ntiaj teb no. Muaj ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv txawv xyoo nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov Academy of Arts xyuas txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws, uas tau txais qhov kev paub ntawm lawv cov lug txhawb cov miv, kawm kos duab rau ntawm txawv eras thiab yeej. Lawv pom thiab kev tshoov siab ntawm lawv siv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm. Creativity Peredvizhnik lom zem ntau txiav txim lub zog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no daim duab ntawm lub puas tawm thiab thib nees nkaum centuries.

Alexei Savrasov

Toj roob hauv pes pleev kob. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub Association ntawm lub loj leeb. Nyob rau hauv 1844 tus hluas artist tiv thaiv nws tus txiv lub siab nyiam nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Painting, uas ntse xaus nyob rau hauv 1850. Tus thawj ua hauj lwm Alekseya Kondratevicha - "Saib ntawm lub Kremlin nyob rau hauv huab cua", "Saib ntawm Moscow los ntawm Sparrow toj" - imbued nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Romanticism. Savrasov nquag koom rau hauv miv, thiab qhia nyob rau ntawm lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm puab thiab Painting. Nyob rau hauv 1862 nws mus txawv teb chaws, qhov chaw uas nws tau mus kawm ib daim duab exhibition London, Paris, Munich, Dresden, Berlin, Copenhagen thiab lwm tus neeg. Tshwj xeeb attracted tus mloog ntawm cov artist German thiab lus Askiv painters ntawm nws txoj kev xav rau kev ywj pheej thiab qhov tseeb. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, Alexei Kondratyevich sau nws ib tug naas ej paintings - "Elk Island", rau cov uas nws twb tom qab muab tsub lub nqi zog ntawm txoj kev sib txeeb nyob rau hauv Moscow. Txij li thaum 1870 nws thiab nws tus poj niam mus rau Russia (Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Novgorod). Nws impressions ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm niam qhov nyob rau hauv cov duab nws hau. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug "mus Volga" thiab "Lub rooks Muaj txog". Hais tias cov paintings raug nthuav tawm ntawm lub thawj exhibition, uas tau raug tsa los ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias neeg loj leeb. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv lub 870 lub, muaj yog ib tug loj hlob kev ntxhov siab vim thiab kev tu siab: "Sunset hla lub hav iav", "Moonlight", "Qhov ntxa ntawm cov Volga", "Rye". Nws kawg xyoo lub artist siv nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus nyuaj siab.

Ivan Shishkin

Npe Peredvizhnik paub deb tshaj tus ciam teb ntawm lub motherland. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm no - Shishkin. Nrog nws lub npe yog txuam nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm lub domestic toj roob hauv pes, nws tsim yaam tshab tau ua lub teb chaws classics thiab tau nco tej chaw. Yav tom ntej artist yug nyob rau hauv ib tug me me lub zos nyob rau hauv Elabuga merchant tsev neeg nyob rau hauv 1832. Nyob rau hauv 1848 nws nkag mus hauv lub chav xyaum tes taw Kazan, tab sis ho tsis tiav. Rov qab tsev, ib tug ntev lub sij hawm yog nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws yav tom ntej txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv nees nkaum xyoo cov tub ntxhais Shishkin nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Painting, qhov twg nws lub taub hau raus nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab ua hauj lwm. Cov artist yog lossi thim. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm qhov, forests thiab nyob deb nroog ua hauj lwm, cov neeg pluag lub neej. Ua ntej, nqes los rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Shishkin - yog "Ntoo thuv rau ib lub pob zeb." Cov roj painting twb pleev xim rau nyob rau hauv 1855. Nyob rau hauv 1856, Ivan nkag mus hauv lub Academy ntawm Fine Arts (St. Petersburg). Nws thaum ntxov tej hauj lwm yog imbued nrog romance. Nyob rau hauv 1858 nws tau sau ib tug ntawm nws nto moo tshaj plaws paintings, "Saib ntawm cov kob ntawm Valaam." No ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv 1860 nws twb muab tsub lub kub laiv nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm exhibition. Tom qab kawm tiav (1860) Shishkin xa txawv teb chaws. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nws tsim ib tug masterpiece nemaloizvestny "Saib nyob ze Düsseldorf", nthuav tawm ntawm lub exhibition nyob rau hauv Paris. Thaum rov qab los tsev Ivan txuas lub I.Kramskoy - tus tsim ntawm lub "Artel ntxias." Nyob rau hauv cov nram no xyoo nws sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm ua hauj lwm ( "Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Moscow", "Lub Ntoo-ntov", "Nkoj Grove", "Hav zoov kwj"). Nws tej hauj lwm nws yeej ib txwm txo nws hwj rau miv uas nplua Lavxias teb sab ntxias neeg loj leeb. Yuav kom qhov no hnub, tus poj masterpieces ntawm toj roob hauv pes tseem nrov heev.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy

Lavxias teb sab ntxias itinerant xyoo pua puv 19 tsim tau ib lub loj loj portrait gallery. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, lawv portrayed qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, mas cov nuj nqis ntawm science thiab kab lis kev cai. Muaj ntau masterpieces tau sau los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus naas ej daim duab patron thiab collector P. Tretyakov. Muaj tseeb tiag, ci ntsa iab portraitist yog Kramskoy. Ua tau zoo ntawm cov txuj ci ntawm no ci ntsa iab artist thiab kev puas siab ntsws nyob rau hauv lub portrait Lva Tolstogo. Qhov no masterpiece twb pleev xim rau hauv 1873 nyob rau hauv Yasnaya Polyana. Thaum lub forefront ntawm cov artist coj ib tug ntshiab thiab paub qab hau siab ntawm tus kws. Cov duab ntawm tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub zoo-raws li (sab hauv thiab sab nraud tseem ceeb ntawm simplicity). Ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm yog ib daim duab ntawm Archaeology "Inconsolable kev tu siab" kev ntawm qhov tob ntawm niam txoj kev xav. Nyob rau hauv 1860-1870 xyoo nws yog nquag muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm miv, uas yog nqa tawm ntxias neeg loj leeb. Ua hauj lwm Kramskogo "Khetos Suab puam" twb tuaj rau lub thib ob raug. Lub legacy ntawm cov artist, feem ntau li portraits ntawm zoo tib yam neeg, "Polesovschik", "tsis paub hais tias", "Yawg muaj ib tug thawb," thiab lwm yam ...

Ilya Efimovich Repin

Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting yog tus painting "barge Haulers". Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, cov artist tsom ntsoov cov duab ntawm lub ntau cov neeg. Ua ntej Repin rau qhov no heev tragic thiab zoo kawg nkaus zaj dabneeg tsis muaj leej twg nyob. Nyob rau hauv no masterpiece, cov artist tsom nws paub ntawm tag nrho cov txhais tau tias ntawm cov kos duab rau zoo tag nrho. Lwm tseem ceeb creation Repin - "Kev cai dab qhuas Procession nyob rau hauv Kursk xeev". Sau nyob rau hauv 1883, lub painting attracted txawv txawv scenic thiab compositional tshuaj. Kev cai dab qhuas procession xwm nyob rau hauv cov duab nruab nrab yog cov collective duab ntawm lub zos nrog rau tag nrho nws pab pawg thiab chav kawm. Nrog zoo hlub thiab kev khuv leej tus sau tswj kom kos dluab ntawm zoo tib yam peasants. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg pleev yuav siv sij hawm ib tug revolutionary ntsiab. Nws tsim lub painting "Nyob rau hauv Escort", "Npaj txhij txog", "Tsis ntawm Confession." Nyob rau hauv 1880, Ilya Yefimovich hais txog cov portrait ib hom ntawv nyeem, portraying mas kawm cov nuj nqis xws li D. Mendeleyev, A. Delvig, Glinka thiab lwm tus neeg.

Vasiliy Maksimovich Maksimov

Nws thawj tswv yim zoo txawj nws tau txais nyob rau hauv lub icon-painting cob qhia. Vasili Maksimovich tas St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Fine Arts nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov keeb kwm painting. Tag nrho nws tej hauj lwm cov artist muaj nplooj siab ib tug thawj daim duab ntawm lub neeg pluag lub ntiaj teb no. Nws paintings tsis cuam tshuam rau sharpness ntawm kev kawm thiab kaj xim. Txawm li cas los, qhov no feature yog tsuas yog attracted tus mloog ntawm cov kos duab lovers. Nws nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm yog: "Txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm", "Tus Neeg Mob tus txiv", "Tsev Neeg Section". Raws li zoo raws li ntau lwm yam nyuab Itinerant xyoo pua puv 19, Vasily Maksimovich nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm sib zog mus raws li lub tswv yim hom phiaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub sij hawm.

Vasiliy Grigorevich Perov

Yug nyob rau hauv Tobolsk nyob rau hauv 1834. Nyob rau hauv thaum tiav hluas, cov tub ntxhais artist mus rau lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Painting. Nws thawj tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm yog "Tuaj txog sawv ntsug nyob rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav." Masterpieces sau nyob rau hauv nws tus xyoo, yog ib tug lossis loj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv txoj kev qhia tau hais tias. Tsis ntev, rau cov painting "Qhuab qhia ua lus nyob rau hauv ib tug Zos" Vasily twb muab tsub ib tug kub puav pheej. Nws thaum ntxov paintings muaj kev cuam tshuam lub socio-ib qho tseem ceeb orientation ntawm tus sau. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm no - "Nyob deb nroog Procession kev rau Easter", "Qhia nyob rau hauv lub zos", thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv xyoo tom ntej Perov tshwm raws li ib tug portrait-toj roob hauv pes neeg pleev kob .. Yuav kom nws muaj lub portraits ntawm Dostoevsky thiab Alexander Ostrovsky. Nws Vasily yog ib tug ntawm cov initiators ntawm active khiav hauj lwm ntawm lub Partnership.

Anplahas Efimovich Arkhipov

Qhov no artist yog muab ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem painting ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv nws masterpieces Arkhipov tshaj plaws tseeb xwm lub neej ntawm ib tug yooj yim nyob deb nroog cov neeg. Nws painting "Tus xa", "Nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag", tau dav paub thoob plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm nws tej hauj lwm nws qhia cov kev sib raug teeb meem ( "washerwomen", "hnub tus tub ua zog" thiab thiaj on. D.), portraying ib tug hnyav neeg pluag zog.