Neeg kho tshuab engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine: qhov kev lag luam thiab tam sim no tiam sis

Mechanical Engineering ntawm Ukraine muaj feeb ntau tau suav hais tias yog ua sector thiab cov tshem ciav hlau ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Ntawm no yog feeb meej lub loj high-tech qhauj tsheb thiab aircraft engineering, metallurgy, lub zog, tiv thaiv kev lag luam thiab lwm yam liaj teb.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam

Nws pib zaj dab neeg txog mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo. Cov kev loj hlob ntawm loj thee deposits nyob rau hauv lub Donets Phiab thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm metallurgy yuav tsum tau siv uas muaj machinery, cov cuab yeej, cov hlau. Rau ua liaj ua teb, nws twb tseem yuav tau zoo dua cov cuab yeej thiab ib nrab mechanization.

Tus thawj Hoobkas ntawm ua liaj ua teb cov cav tov twb qhib nyob rau hauv 1840 nyob rau hauv Mlieve. Loj qhauj twb Alexandrovsky tsob nroj nyob rau hauv Ekaterinoslav (tam sim no Dnepropetrovsk), Cog Hughes nyob rau hauv Donetsk tsob nroj "Dnipro" nyob rau hauv Kamensky (tam sim no Dnipropetrovsk), tshem ciav hlau khw nyob rau hauv Kharkov thiab Lugansk. Ua ntej tus kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov muaj zis hauv lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, Ukraine feem yog 25%.

Tshiab pa machinery Ukraine tau nrog lub advent ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ib tug ntau ntawm cov nyiaj tau nyiaj ua lag luam nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm loj Enterprises. .. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub Kharkov Turbine tsob nroj (1929), lub Kharkov Tsheb Laij Teb tsob nroj (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric Tshem ciav hlau tsob nroj (1934), Kiev armored tsob nroj (1935), thiab lwm yam Tom qab tsov rog, kuj zoo kawg kawm tau high-tech engineering industries: aviation, qhov chaw foob pob ua ntxaij, tsheb, tiv thaiv kev lag luam, hnyav engineering, ntsuas txiav txim siab thiab lwm cov neeg.

General yam ntxwv

Qhov no sib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine tham txog radical hloov thiab es rov ntawm tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov kev lag luam. Tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia (hu ua lub ntsiab khub) thiab cov expansion ntawm export lub cib fim rau cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm loj Enterprises mam li teeb meem nrog rau cov export ntawm cov tsoos khoom, raws li zoo li ib co zeem muag ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm ntau lawm nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.

Rau cov lus nug "Piav qhia txog engineering kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine qauv" muaj lub caij nyoog teb. Tshuab-tsev complex ntawm Ukraine muaj xws li ntau tshaj 20 tshwj xeeb ceg, 58 sub-ceg. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas muaj tuaj tag nrho uas twb muaj lawm hom engineering. Raws li official Figures, 11.267 tuam txhab uas muag sau npe nyob rau hauv cov qauv 146 uas yog loj, 1834 - nruab nrab, thiab 9287 - me me. Tus qauv ntiav txog 1.5 lab neeg ua hauj lwm yog.

Analysis tso zis

Raws li lub xeev Statistics Committee, zus tau tej cov tshuab-tsev complex nyob rau hauv 2011-2013, tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub tag nrho kev lag luam yog raws li nram no (saib lub rooj.)

Raws li statistics, txawm ua ntej lub teebmeem nyob rau hauv 2014 muaj ib tug txo ntawm ntau lawm tagnrho ntawm cov sector ntawm 10 mus rau 8.7%. Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov mechanical engineering ntawm Ukraine thiab lub ntiaj teb no, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev muag khoom (raws li ib tug feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam) nuj nqis txawv lug - qhov no piv npaum li cas qis tshaj nyob rau hauv tsim lub teb chaws. Qhov no sib yog yus muaj los ntawm chaotic txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex.

Kev tsom xam ntawm exports thiab tuaj txawv teb chaws

Tsis ntev los no xyoo, lub export ntawm machinery kev lag luam khoom feem ntau lees paub rau cov CIS lub teb chaws, feem ntau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation thiab Kazakhstan. Cov yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv peev ua si nyob rau hauv loj ciaj uas muag coj mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub export lag luam tso zis.

Raws li lub xeev Statistics Committee ntawm Ukraine, nyob rau hauv 2011-2013, cov koom pheej exported ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm ntau lawm los lwm lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, rau yav tas los nce nyob rau hauv kev thov rau Ukrainian khoom rau lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam thiab cov export orientation ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv 2015 tau muab txoj kev uas yuav stagnation nyob rau hauv lub lag luam.

Ukraine engineering khoom, uas import txawv teb chaws cov neeg koom tes (2014):

• Cov Motors lwm yam thiab cov twj (tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los - $ 3 billion).
• Hluav taws xob cov khoom ($ 2.7 billion).
• W / d tsheb thauj mus los ($ 0.8 billion).
• Txoj kev thauj ($ 0.3 billion).
• Cua tsheb thauj mus los ($ 0.2 billion).
• Ntsuas ($ 0.2 billion).
• Tsev Hais Plaub ($ 0.1 billion).

engineering chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv Ukraine

Feeb ntau, feem ntau ntawm cov kev lag luam yog nyob rau hauv lub central thiab sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv yuav megacities thiab Donbass muaj cheeb tsam. Major engineering pawg yog Kiev, Kharkov thiab Dnepropetrovskiy.

Major engineering tej hauj lwm (Ukraine):

• Foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw thiab chaw ua dav hlua kev lag luam: Kiev ( "Antonov"), Zaporozhye ( "Tsav Sich"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Automotive: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, "Iveco-Tsav Sich"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "Bogdan"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• Thauj engineering: Kharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Shipbuilding: Nikolaev ( "dej hiav txwv" tsob nroj lub npe hu ua tom qab 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson shipyard).
• Heavy machinery: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Tshuab Works), Donetsk (NPK "tsuas cav"), Sumy (Sumy Frunze.), Kharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "Bolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A Thauj: Pob ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Hluav taws xob thiab ntsuas engineering: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-ntaus ntawv").
• Khoom vaj khoom tsev: Donetsk ( "Nord").
• Metalworking: Kharkov (harp).

automotive kev lag luam

Nws muaj ib tug nplua nuj kev lig kev cai ntawm tsheb engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine. Cov kev lag luam ua ib tug tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm cov tub rog thiab pej xeem cov khoom. Nws npog ib tug ntau ntawm cov koom haum muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, siv thiab ua thiab muag khoom ntawm cov tsheb, neeg caij tsheb thiab coj mus muag tsheb thauj khoom, tsheb thauj mus, shocks, motorcycles, mopeds, spare qhov chaw thiab accessories.

Raws li lub tswvyim ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub automotive kev lag luam nyob rau hauv 2015 yuav tsum tau ua mus txog 500,000 tsheb, mus txog 45,000 tsheb thauj khoom, 20,000 tsheb npav. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, qhia tawm rau ntawm kev lag luam nyob rau hauv industrial qhuav nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no tsuas yog 0,8-0,6%, thiab nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub teb chaws tag nrho cov domestic khoom - tsawg tshaj li 0.4-0.3%. Automotive engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine yog yus li underdeveloped, thiab nws pab mus rau lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag tsis tseem ceeb txaus. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ua hauj lwm tsawg tshaj li 0.1% ntawm tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv lub ya "lub tsheb yog" tam sim no mas SKD txawv teb chaws hom nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv (C, B) nrog ib tug tsawg theem ntawm localization thiab lub ntxiv nqi tsim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Ukraine. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub Ukrainian automotive kev lag luam muaj txog 100 tuam txhab uas muag, qhov loj tshaj plaws uas yog:

• CJSC ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" CJSC.
• "Bogdan" Corporation.

Heavy machinery Ukraine

Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem tsim sub-sectors ntawm lub teb chaws, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Enterprises, lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug "muaj zog" engineering tsev kawm ntawv, raug kev cai. Kam mus yuav khoom txawv teb chaws raws li sab hnub tuaj thiab hnub poob cov neeg koom tes. Tsim: excavators, loaders, ladles, pwm, converters, nws tus kheej tamping, drilling, tunneling, foundries, txoj kev machines, elevators, chav nyob rau kev sib tsoo, muab qhab nia, sib tsoo, machining, nws ntawm hauv av, ores, pob zeb thiab lwm yam mineral tshuaj.

aircraft lag luam

Cov kev lag luam muaj ntau tshaj li 60 lub koom haum, uas dab tsi rau ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws engineering. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsib loj tuam txhab uas muag. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov chaw ua dav hlua kev lag luam ua rau nws ua tau rau kom lub ntim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab zus tau tej cov aircraft, nyob rau hauv particular:

• regional neeg nrog caij thiab thauj aircraft;
• aircraft xyaw thiab Cheebtsam;
• avionics, teem nyob rau kev siv ntawm satellite kev sib txuas lus, navigation thiab keb soj ntsuam;
• helicopters thiab aircraft me me aircraft, nyob rau hauv particular unmanned.

Pheej tsim muaj xws li:

• Aircraft "IB TUG" los ntawm ntau yam kev hloov kho.
• Qhuav ntawm aircraft xyaw.
• Helicopters.

lwm yam lag luam

Tshuab-cia txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov ceg ntawm engineering, zus tau tej cov kab lis kev cai thiab technology. Tshuab-Tool tsob nroj (xa cov cav tov thiab semiautomatic machines, pob zeb diamond-tho txawv machine) muaj nyob rau hauv Kharkov, Lvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. Heavy Tshuab cog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Kramatorsk (automatic kab).

Ntsuas plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv accelerating scientific thiab hauj kev kawm. Ua qhauj los tsim hluav taws xob technology nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog lub ntau lawm lub koom haum "lam ua" Severodonetsk thiab "Electronmash" nyob rau hauv Kiev. Ib tug ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam pab kiag li lawm ua nyob rau hauv Kiev, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

Agricultural mechanical engineering ntawm Ukraine muab cov tswv teb nrog tsim nyog cov khoom. Lub qhauj ntawm no sector nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev noj ntawm tas cov khoom. Haib tsheb laij manufactures Kharkov Tsheb Laij Teb Cog. Kirovograd Hoobkas "Liab Star" ua laum. Beet tsev ceg nyob rau hauv Dnipropetrovsk thiab Ternopil, muab harvesters - Kherson ( "Slavutich") thiab Alexandria ( "LAN"), pob kws - nyob rau hauv Kherson, tillage tshuab - nyob rau hauv Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. Neeg kho tshuab engineering rau cov tsiaj nyeg thiab zaub noj ntau lawm yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv Uman, Novograd Volyn, zoo nkauj ancient nroog, Coloma, tus Dawb lub Koom Txoos.

Shipbuilding nyob rau hauv Ukraine yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub loj hiav txwv (Dub hiav txwv, cov Azov hiav txwv) thiab dej (p. Dnipro) ports. Tubrog nkoj hlab ntsha ua nyob rau hauv Nikolayev thiab Kherson, dej thiab cov hiav txwv - nyob rau hauv Kiev. Shipyards yog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Odessa, Mariupol.

Thauj machinery manufactures locomotives thiab wagons. Centers yog Lugansk tshem ciav hlau, Kharkov (locomotives), Dnipropetrovsk; tsheb tsev - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. Freight kev tsheb ciav hlau tank tsheb manufactured nyob rau hauv Mariupol. Tshem ciav hlau Kho Tsob nroj ntiav loj thauj lub zos.

Neeg kho tshuab engineering nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm European kev koom ua ke

Kws txawj tau kwv yees yuav ua li cas muaj peev xwm bytmashinostroenie Ukraine mus rau lub European kev koom ua ke. Lub kos npe rau ntawm lub Association Daim ntawv cog lus ntawm Ukraine thiab cov European Union muab rau cov simplification ntawm coj mus muag ntws ntawm lub teb chaws, txij thaum lub ib hlis ntuj 1, 2016. Thiab txij li thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2014 taw qhia txog lub EU unilateral luam nyiam rau Ukraine twb pab mus rau kev nce rau hauv xa khoom ntawm engineering khoom thiab tus yuav txo tau ntawm tsis muaj nyiaj txawv teb chaws trade nrog lub teb chaws ntawm cov European mechanical engineering khoom.

Raws li statistics los ntawm lub xeev Statistics Service ntawm Ukraine, qhia tawm rau ntawm mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv 2014 lees paub rau 18,3% ntawm exports thiab 23.8% ntawm cov tuaj txawv teb chaws ntawm cov khoom, thiab rau cov thawj rau lub hlis ntawm 2015, ntsig txog, 11,7% thiab 20,8%. Nyob rau hauv 2015 tus qauv ntawm kev txo lub turnover ntawm lub lag luam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov xa khoom ntawm engineering khoom qhia nyob rau hauv lub EU loj hlob los ntawm 30.4 (2014) mus 43,4% (thawj ib nrab 2015).

Txheeb cais thiab tiam sis

Tus qauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine qhia tau hais tias tsis yog txhua txhua industries tau nruj heev heev rau tus tshiab economic tseeb. Nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws ciaj uas muag qhov loj tshaj thov boilers, machinery, hluav taws xob cov khoom, nuclear reactors. Lawv tag nrho cov qhia nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov kev lag luam xa khoom mus rau lub EU yog 40%. Ntawm cov loj importers tshwm sim (2014):

• Hungary (nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm $ 270,6 lab).
• Lub teb chaws Yelemees ($ 239.8 million).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czech koom pheej ($ 80 lab).

prospects

Ukraine, uas engineering yog tsim txaus, tseem nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ntawm high-tech machinery, cov khoom thiab kev tivthaiv qhov chaw ntawm txawv teb chaws ntau lawm. Ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv tuaj txawv teb chaws ntawm lub tsheb, tractors, muab harvesters, khoom vaj khoom tsev, hnyav machinery. Qhov loj tshaj plaws tagnrho ntawm cov khoom mas los ntawm:

• Lub teb chaws Yelemees (nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm $ 577,9 lab).
• Poland ($ 255.1 million).
• Ltalis ($ 160.9 million).
• Czech koom pheej ($ 116.8 million).
• Fabkis ($ 101.4 million).

Xyaum qhia tau hais tias lub kos npe rau ntawm lub Association Daim ntawv cog lus muab ntau cov kev pab cuam tshaj kev txaus ntshai. Ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau sai npaum li cas engineering Ukraine yuav hloov los ntawm lub ntsiab lus rau lub ntsiab lus uas muaj feem yuav lub sij hawm.

txaus ntshai

Ib tug tseem ceeb chaw khuam siab kom tau qhov ntim thiab txhim kho cov qauv ntawm kev sib nrig sib trade turnover nyob rau hauv lub engineering kev lag luam yog cov nyob rau ntawm kev teeb meem los pauv ntawm Ukraine thiab txawv teb chaws cov neeg koom tes. Qhov txaus ntshai kev cob cog rua nrog tau ib nrab tsis tau ntawm ib tug neeg tshuab kev lag luam, mas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev ua lag luam thiab lawv txoj kev cai. Tshwj xeeb yog lam tau lam ua twb high-tech kev lag luam: nyob rau hauv chaw ua dav hlua, tiv thaiv kev lag luam, shipbuilding, qhov chaw tshawb kawm.

Muaj qhauj, cov khoom uas muaj dua ntxiv tus nqi, peb yuav tsum tau los tsim lub peev xwm los teb sai sai rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud ib puag ncig, los tsim ib cov khoom, anticipatory neeg uas yuav tsum tau. Qhov no tej zaum yuav ua rau kom qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv ua lag ua luam qauv, cov kev hloov mus rau tus txheej txheem qauv tswj kev daws teebmeem. Rau feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab uas muag yog yus muaj los saj zawg zog qauv uas combines lub ntsiab dab: khoom lifecycle tswj, khoom tshiab txoj kev loj hlob, neeg kev sib raug zoo kev tswj, kev muag khoom thiab kev txiav txim tswj nrog txhawb dab. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, Ukraine Engineering kev hloov loj. Yuav ua li cas lawv yuav tsum tau - lub sij hawm yuav qhia rau.