Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm ecosystems. ecosystem

Tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm tus kab mob no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog inextricably txuas. Muaj yog tsis muaj tej tsiaj, uas yuav muaj nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov nruj me ntsis zuj zus. Txawm li cas los, tsis tsuas yog tus kab mob no yog zoo txog, tab sis kuj yam sab nraud thiab sab hauv cheeb tsam cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lub biome. Nrog rau tag nrho cov complex organic thiab inorganic xwm yog ecosystems qauv thiab lawv lub zog. Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm tswvyim, dab tsi tsis yus, ua kom to taub cov tsab xov xwm no.

Lub tswvyim ntawm ecosystems

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho ecosystem? Los ntawm ib tug tej taw tes ntawm view, nws yog tag nrho cov kev sib koom livelihoods ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kab mob, tsis hais cov chav kawm ntawv thiab ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb, ob leeg biotic thiab abiotic.

Ecosystem zog yog piav los ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv. Tus thawj mention ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 1935. A. Arthur Tansley pom tias siv nws mus rau xa mus rau "ib tug complex muaj tsis tsuas yog ntawm lub cev, tab sis kuj lawv ib puag ncig." Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, lub tswvyim yog heev uas nws kim heev, nws yog ib qhov loj tshaj plaws ecological unit, raws li zoo raws li ib qho tseem ceeb. Lwm lub npe - biogeocoenosis, txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem muaj ib tug me ntsis.

Lub ntsiab khoom teejtug uas yog ecosystems yog nruam sis nyob rau hauv lawv cov organic thiab inorganic teeb meem, lub zog, Thaum tshav kub kub redistribution, tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov ntsiab, lub neej coj kev txiav txim ntawm nyob beings rau txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov muaj ntau ntau yooj yim yam ntxwv sijhawm, uas yog hu ua zog.

Cov yooj yim zog ntawm ecosystems

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua peb:

• self-kev cai;
• stability;
• self-tu tub tu kiv;
• hloov ib tug mus rau lwm yam;
• kev ncaj ncees;
• emergent zog.

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yog qhov yooj yim khoom teejtug uas yog ecosystems nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev yuav tsum tau teb. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov tseem ceeb, nws yog tsuas yog lawv ua ke nyob tso cai cov tswvyim no ua ib ke. Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej txhua yam ntxwv kev zoo losis phem muab nws tseem ceeb thiab to taub cov essence.

Self-kev cai ntawm ecosystems

Qhov no yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm lub ecosystem, uas implies nws tus kheej-kev tswj nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm txhua tus biogeocoenose. Hais tias yog, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob no, uas yog nyob ze kev sib raug zoo nrog rau lwm cov nyob quavntsej, thiab ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb, muaj ib tug ncaj qha feem nyob rau tag nrho cov qauv raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nws yog lawv muaj peev xwm mus nyob tau rau lub stability thiab nws tus kheej-regulating ecosystem.

Piv txwv li, yog hais tias peb tham txog txhom, lawv pub on herbivores ib hom raws nraim li ntev raws li lawv tus xov tooj yog txo. Tom ntej no yuav tsis noj mov, thiab ib tug predator keyboards mus rau ib tug txawv zog qhov chaw (uas yog, ib yam ntawm cov nroj noj creatures). Yog li, nws zoo nkaus li uas lub hom yog tsis tag pov tseg, nws tseem nyob ib leeg los yuav tsum tau tus xov tooj ntawm indicators.

Nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem yuav tsis tshwm sim lawm raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm extinction ntawm noj lwm cov tib neeg. Qhov no yog nws tus kheej-kev cai. Xws li cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag, fungi, kab mob nrog soj ntsuam kom txhua lwm yam, txawm lub fact tias lawv yog cov zaub mov.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tus kheej-kev cai - yog qhov tseem ceeb ecosystems ntawm cov cuab yeej no kuj vim los ntawm nws yog ib tug tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm converting ntau hom ntawm lub zog. Inorganic tshuaj, organic tebchaw, ntsiab - tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ncig. Nroj tsuag siv hnub ci zog ncaj qha, cov tsiaj noj nroj tsuag, hloov uas zog rau hauv tshuaj bonds tom qab lawv tuag dua kab mob decompose lawv mus rau lub inorganic. Tus txheej txheem yog tas mus li thiab cyclical, tsis muaj nyob sab nraum cuam, uas yog hu ua self-kev cai.

stability

Nws muaj lwm yam khoom ntawm ecosystems. Self-kev cai yog zoo txog rau sustainability. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas yuav kav ib los yog lwm ecosystem, yuav ua li cas nws yog khaws cia, thiab seb puas muaj yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau lwm yam, nws nyob ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm yog vim li cas.

Muaj tseeb tiag, sustainable yog ib tug, nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog tsis muaj cuam tshuam nyob rau ib feem ntawm tus txiv neej. Nws lossi stably siab naj npawb ntawm cov tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kab mob, tsis muaj kev hloov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob los sis lawv yog insignificant. Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, tej ecosystem yuav ua tau ruaj khov.

Ua txhaum no mob tau ib tug txiv neej nws muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab lub tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm tus tsim kev txiav txim (deforestation, tua tsiaj, rhuav tseg cov kab, thiab lwm yam). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov xwm heev tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau stability, Yog hais tias cov huab cua tej yam kev mob hloov dramatically, tsis tas muaj tus kab mob rau lub sij hawm kom pab tau. Piv txwv li, natural disasters, kev nyab xeeb kev hloov, kom txhob muaj tus nqi ntawm cov dej thiab thiaj li nyob.

Qhov ntau dua qhov muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm hom, cov nyob ua ib ke ecosystem. ecosystem zog - kuj thiab nws tus kheej-kev cai - yog lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov uas yuav ua rau qhov no notion. Muaj ib lub sij hawm uas tshab xyuas cov yam ntxwv - homeostasis. Hais tias yog, tus txij nkawm ntawm constancy nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov - ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom, lawv loj, sab hauv thiab sab nraud yam. Piv txwv li, lub tundra ecosystem ntau lam tau lam ua rau hloov dua rainforests. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv lawv cov caj haiv nyob yog tsis raws li zoo li nws txhais tau tias. thiab cov ciaj sia taus tus nqi yog ruaj txo.

Samovosproizvodimost

Yog hais tias koj xav hais tias zoo rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi lub ntsiab ecosystems ntawm cov cuab yeej, nws yuav xaus lus tias samovosproizvodimost tsis tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb mob ntawm lawv lub neej. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj lub qhov ua si ntawm Cheebtsam xws li:

• kab mob;
• av muaj pes tsawg leeg;
• dej clarity;
• oxygen tivthaiv ntawm huab cua thiab thiaj li nyob.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los tham txog sustainability thiab nws tus kheej-kev cai. Rau tib lub, rau cov biomass yog lossi los yug dua thiab tooj tau khaws cia, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas muaj txaus cov zaub mov, dej thiab txaus tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej. Tsis pub dhau tej ecosystem muaj ib qhov kev hloov ntawm cov laus neeg nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais cov neeg mob nyob rau hauv kev noj qab nyob, muaj zog thiab muaj zog. Qhov no yog ib qho mob rau lub hav zoov ntawm tej yam ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog tau tsuas yog raws sij hawm samovosproizvodimosti.

Manifestation ntawm lub zog ntawm cov ecosystem ntawm no zoo - yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev txuag ntawm lub caj alleles ntawm txhua hom. Txwv tsis pub, tag nrho genera thiab phyla, cov chav kawm thiab cov tsev neeg ntawm nyob beings tau raug kev extinction uas tsis muaj tom ntej rov qab.

succession

Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm ecosystems - hloov ecosystems. Qhov no yog hu ua succession. Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hloov lwm abiotic yam thiab yuav siv sij hawm ob peb lub xyoo lawm tsheej lab. Lub essence ntawm no phenomenon - lub tshwm sim los muaj kev hloov ntawm ib tug ecosystem mus rau lwm nyob rau hauv tus ntawm internal yam tsob ntawm muaj sia nyob thiab tswg xwm ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm.

Nws tseem yog ib tug loj vim li cas successions yog tib neeg kev ua ub no. Yog li, lub hav zoov muab txoj kev mus meadows thiab swamps, pas dej mus rau hauv deserts los yog meadows, teb overgrown nrog ntoo thiab Woodland tsim. Lawm, nrog rau qhov no fauna kuj niaj tseem ceeb kev hloov.

Yuav ua li cas ntev succession yuav tshwm sim? Raws nraim mus rau kis twg tsim lub feem ntau yooj yim thiab yoog mus rau tej yam kev mob biogeocoenosis. Piv txwv li, lub coniferous hav zoov ntawm cov Far East (Taiga) - qhov no yog ib tug zoo-tsim paus biocenosis tias ntau yuav tsis hloov ntau ntau. Nws twb tsim ntau txhiab xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub sij hawm muaj tsis yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem.

emergent zog

Cov ecosystem khoom no tshiab khiv tawm, tshiab thiab tsis tau tus yam ntxwv nta uas yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ecosystems. Lawv tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev lag luam los ntawm tag nrho los yog ib co mej zeej ntawm lub ntau system.

Ib tug raug piv txwv yog ib lub zej lub zos coral reef, uas yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm coelenterates thiab algae. Corals - lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lossis loj nyiaj ntawm biomass, hais, tebchaw uas yog cov ua ntej lawv nyob rau hauv lub zej zog tsis muaj nyob.

ecosystem

Zog thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm ecosystems yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau txhua tus lwm yam. Piv txwv li, ib tug xws li kev ncaj ncees, implies ib qhov kev sis raug zoo ntawm tag nrho cov neeg. Nrog nrog lub yam tseem ceeb ntawm tswg xwm. Ib tug yog ib qhov ntawm cov kev khiav dej num cia li harmonious kev hloov ntawm ntau hom ntawm lub zog rau txhua lwm yam, uas yog tau yog hais tias tus sab hauv kev ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab hauj lwm pejxeem biocenoses lawv tus kheej thiab txhua lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ecosystems yog txiav txim los ntawm lub hom kev sib tshuam uas muaj nyob rau hauv lawv. Tej biogeocoenosis yuav tsum muab tej yam lom biomass txoj kev loj hlob raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv lub neej. Qhov no yuav tsum yog ib ntawm cov kev khiav dej num. Kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib lub ua ke ntawm yam animate thiab tswg, thiab tej zaum yuav txawv tsis pub dhau dav txwv. Yog li, lub biomass yog ntau dua nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj cov pwm thiab zoo teeb pom kev zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws nce yuav loj npaum li cas piv rau cov, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov suab puam.

Lwm cov kev ua ntawm lub ecosystem - transformational. Nws implies ib directional hloov nyob rau hauv lub zog, hloov nws mus rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nyob quavntsej.

qauv

Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm ecosystems thiab lawv cov qauv txiav txim. Yuav ua li cas yog cov qauv ntawm cov biogeocoenosis? Nws yog pom tseeb tias nws muaj xws li tag nrho cov ntsiab mus (ob nyob thiab abiotic). Nws tseem ceeb heev tias tag nrho cov qauv yog ib tug raug kaw voj voog, uas rov muaj tseeb nrog qhov yooj yim zog ntawm ecosystems.

Muaj ob lub ntsiab loj link tej biogeocoenose.

1. Ecotop - ib tug txheej ntawm abiotic yam. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yog sawv cev los ntawm:

• klimatopom (cua, humidity, teeb);
• edafotop (Av Compactor tivthaiv).

2. Biocoenosis - tus sau los ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm nyob creatures nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem. Nws muaj xws li peb lub ntsiab links:

• zoocenoses - tag nrho cov tsiaj ua;
• phytocoenosis - tag nrho tsob nroj kab mob;
• microbiocenosis - tag nrho cov kab mob cov neeg sawv cev.

Raws li cov saum toj no qauv nws yog pom tseeb tias tag nrho cov qhov cov kev mus yuav zoo sib thooj, thiab tsim ib tug tib network. Qhov no kev sib raug zoo manifests nws tus kheej feem nyob rau hauv haum thiab transformation ntawm lub zog. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov chains thiab tes hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thiab nruab nrab coob.

Ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv twb npaj siab biogeocoenose V. N. Sukachevym nyob rau hauv 1940 thiab yog tseem tseem ceeb niaj hnub no.

mature ecosystem

Muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv biogeocenosis yuav txawv nyias li. Lawm, tus yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab paub tab ecosystem yuav tsum sib txawv. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tshwm sim.

Yuav ua li cas paub tab ecosystem feature distinguishes nws los ntawm cov kuj nyuam qhuav-tsim? Cov ob peb, saib tag nrho:

1. Hom ntawm txhua pejxeem tsim, yog ruaj khov thiab tsis hloov (moog) lwm leej lwm tus.
2. Qhov ntau haiv hom yog qhov thiab tsis hloov.
3. Tag nrho cov zej zog dawb do self-regulating, muaj ib tug high degree ntawm homeostasis.
4. Txhua lub cev yog kiag li yoog mus rau tej yam kev mob, coexistence ecotope biocenosis thiab feem ntau xis.

Txhua ecosystem yuav undergo succession raws li ntev raws li nws tsis yog tsim ib tug kawg nkaus - lub feem ntau tsim kev ruaj khov thiab siv tau hom ntau haiv. Nws twb ces biogeocoenosis maj hloov mus rau hauv ib tug paub tab lub zej lub zos.

pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob tsis pub dhau biogeocoenose

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, uas tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej nyob rau hauv ib zaug xwb ecosystem yog txuas ua ke. Txawm li cas los, lawv kuj muaj tej yam loj loj, thiab nyob rau cov av muaj pes tsawg leeg, huab cua, dej - tag nrho cov abiotic Cheebtsam.

Nws txiav txim siab los faib ib ob peb pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm nqus thiab hloov lub zog nyob rau hauv txhua biogeocoenose.

1. Producers - cov neeg uas tsim organic khoom los ntawm inorganic yam. Qhov no nroj tsuag ntsuab thiab ib co kab mob. Lawv hom ntawm lub zog haum - autotrophic, lawv ncaj qha nqus hnub ci tawg.
2. Consuments los yog biofagi - cov neeg uas haus cov dej organic khoom npaj los ntawm kev noj nyob creatures. Qhov no carnivorous tsiaj, kab, ib co nroj tsuag. Qhov no muaj xws li herbivores thiab cov neeg sawv cev.
3. Saprotrophs - kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ntawm decomposing organic teeb meem, qhov no txoj kev siv cov as-ham. Hais tias yog, pub rau tuag seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.

Obviously, tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub system yog nyob rau hauv ib tug interdependent teeb meem no. Yog tsis muaj cov nroj tsuag yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus tau khoom noj khoom haus herbivores thiab txhom yuav tuag tsis tau lawv. Saprophagous cav ntoo compound yog zoo tu qab tso nyiaj ntawm cov inorganic tebchaw. Tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo no yog hu ua zaub mov chains. Nyob rau hauv loj zej zog, hauv cov saw hlau mus nyob rau hauv lub network, tsim ib pyramid. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov trophic kev sib tshuam, tseem ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev kawm thiab kev noj nyob.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv tej yam rau ecosystems

Qhov no yog ib tug ntau ntawm kev sib tham nrog niaj hnub no. Thaum kawg, tus txiv neej pom tau hais tag nrho cov raws li ntawm kev puas tsuaj, uas dhau tus xeem 200 xyoo twb hais txog lawv ib tug ecosystem. Nws los ua cuab txim ntawm tej kev coj cwj pwm: acid los nag, lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv, ntiaj teb no ua kom sov, lub yuav txo tau ntawm dej tsis qab ntsev khoom siv, oskudnenie av, yuav txo tau ntawm forests thiab thiaj li nyob. Koj muaj peev xwm endlessly labeling teeb meem, vim hais tias lawv tau sau ib tug lossis loj teeb.

Tag nrho cov no yog cov heev luag hauj lwm ua si thiab cov plays tseem neeg nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem. Loj heev urbanization, Industrialization, hauj txoj kev loj hlob, chaw kev loj hlob thiab lwm yam tib neeg kev ua ub no tsis tau tsuas yog ua rau cov mob rau lub xeev ntawm tswg xwm, tab sis kuj yuav txo tus naj npawb thiab lub extinction ntawm cov ntiaj chaw lub biomass.

Tej ecosystem yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ib tug txiv neej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hnub no. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm txhua tus ntawm peb - mus muab nws cov nyiaj them yug. Koj tsis xav tau ntau - nyob rau ntawm tsoom fwv qib yog tsim txoj kev ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov xwm, cov neeg yuav tsum tau tsuas ua raws li cov kev cai thiab sim ua kom lub ecosystem lawm, tsis nkag mus rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntev li ntawm nqi ntawm ntau yam tshuaj thiab khoom.