Microbes - dab tsi yog qhov no? faib tawm kab mob

Kab mob - yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob, feem ntau ib leeg-celled kab mob uas yuav pom tsuas yog los ntawm ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob yog meej heev. Lawv loj yog li ntawd me me tias nws yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv microns (1 micron = 1/1000 hli), los yog txawm nanometers (1nm = 1/1000 hli).

Yuav ua li cas yog kev kawm microbiology

Microbiology hu ua science uas explores lub Scope ntawm microbial lub neej: qauv, muaj nuj nqi, kev mob ntawm lub neej, txoj kev loj hlob thiab tu tub tu kiv.

Thawj thawj tus neeg uas muaj peev xwm mus saib thiab piav qhia txog cov kab mob, yog tus Dutchman A. Leeuwenhoek. Thaum sunset lub xyoo pua 17th, nws fashioned ib tug lens magnifies cov duab yog ntau tshaj li 200 lub sij hawm. Nws xav tsis thoob los ntawm dab tsi nws pom los ntawm lawv uas microbes - yog ib lub ntiaj teb nrog nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hav zoov. Yog li tso lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug tshiab science - microbiology. Leeuwenhoek piv txwv thiab piav microbes pom. Cov duab thiab cov duab nrog rau lawv cov duab ntawm cov sij hawm - nce yees duab los ntawm ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob.

microbial hom

Sauv rov qab ntau haiv neeg ntawm microbial hom yog impressive. Microbes - luv luv lub npe pua pua ntawm cov feem ntau ntau hom. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv tsos, qauv, tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej, muaj peev xwm rau cov me nyuam. Paub qhov txawv uas tsis yog-cellular, multicellular thiab unicellular microbes. Duab nrog rau lawv cov visualization yuav pab tau yooj yim txog kev mus rau txhua tus neeg mus rau ib tug kev hom. Cov kev faib ntawm microbes :

• cov kab mob;
• cov kab mob;
• phages;
• nceb;
• microalgae;
• protozoa;
• cov poov xab.

kab mob

Ib tug tag nrho seem ntawm Microbiology - bacteriology - opens ib tug lossis loj lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov kab mob - prokaryotic kab mob. Los ntawm eukaryotic (multicellular, protozoa, algae, fungi) yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj chlorophyll, muab lub nucleus nrog genetic khoom thiab organelles. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov kab mob yog tsis tu ncua, nws tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb cov sab nraud puag ncig (los ntawm 0.1 mus 28 microns). Cov feem nrov faib ntawm cov kab mob - nyob rau morphological qauv.

cocci

Hu kheej kheej cocci cov kab mob, uas muaj peev xwm coj ib tug kheej kheej, taum, elliptical los yog lanceolate.

1. Micrococci tej zaum yuav muab tso rau ib tug los ntawm ib tug, nyob rau hauv officers los yog across. Lawv yog cov hu ua saprophytes, nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab huab cua.
2. Diplokokki me nyuam los mus faib nyob rau hauv tib lub dav hlau nyob rau hauv ob daim. Cov no muaj xws meningococcus (meningitis xov xwm) thiab gonococci.
3. Streptococci piv faib nyob rau hauv tib lub dav hlau, tab sis rau tag nrho cov saw. Paub pathogenic rau tus tib neeg kab hom uas yog kis tau angina thiab siab erysipelas.
4. Tetrakokki teem nyob rau hauv ob daim nyob rau hauv ob dav hlau perpendicular. Opportunistic neeg yog heev tsawg.
5. Sardine bales yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hlwb los 8, 16 los yog ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv peb nrog perpendicular dav hlau. Zoo tag nrho cov ntawm lawv cov neeg sawv cev nyob heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.
6. Staphylococci yuav tau muab qhia tawm ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob peb lub dav hlau txheej txheem across nrog hwm rau txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv tsos zoo li bunches ntawm cov txiv hmab.

pas nrig-zoo li tus

Cylindrical kab mob yog cov ntau ntau ntau nyob rau hauv lwm hom. Lawv muab faib ua kab mob muaj tsis muaj peev xwm sporulate (diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) thiab Bacillus muaj peev xwm ntawm cov noob (anthrax, hay, tetanus, co). Classification los mus faib txoj kev:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly txawv nyob rau hauv lub npaj nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau tsuas yog ob tug hlwb (mob ntsws).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly nyob rau hauv fission nyob ib zaug xwb dav hlau uas tsim ib cov saw (anthrax).
• Lub ib thooj ntawm cov cylindrical microbes cov txheej txheem haphazardly rau ib tus tib neeg.

crimped

Crimped microbes yuav siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tsis nco qab, nws cholerae (eg, kab mob cholera). Spirilla muaj ib tug ob peb curls, spirochete - ib tug nyias cov sticks (syphilis).

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob no polymorphic, lawv muaj peev xwm mus hloov nws zoo nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug ntau yam. Sab nraud ib puag ncig, kub, acidity, etc. Nws yog ib qhov muaj peev xwm yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau laboratory kev tshawb fawb ntawm microbes, aimed ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj uas yuav pab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav kam nrog tib neeg pathogenic cov kab mob.

kab mob

Kab mob - ib tug loj heev lub zej lub zos ntawm microbes uas txawv los ntawm lwm tus raws li ib tug tsis muaj cellular qauv nws tus kheej. Los ntawm qhov ntev incomparably me dua cov kab mob, los ntawm 5 rau 150 nm. Mus saib lawv, nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug electron tshuab kuaj kab mob nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg. Feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev kis kab mob txhaj tsuas muaj protein thiab nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

Ib txhia cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob yog cov causative ua hauj lawm ntawm ntau loj tib neeg cov kab mob (mob khaub thuas, kab mob siab, qhua pias). Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj hom pathogenic rau cov tsiaj (plague, ko taw, thiab lub qhov ncauj kab mob).

Mycophagous - kab mob, fungi. Bacteriophages - kab mob, kab mob, lawv muaj nyob txhua txhia qhov chaw nyob qhov twg muaj tsawg kawg yog ib co lub neej. Ib txhia phages muaj ib tug tseem ceeb muaj peev xwm ua - ua kom puas microbial cell, li ntawd, feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua ib tug medicament rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm tus kab mob ntawm ntau hom.

Ricketts - ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm yuav ntaus nqi mus rau ob qho tag nrho cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob. Qhov no immobilized pas nrig intracellular cab tsis tau txoj kev noob los yog tsiav tshuaj.

nceb

Qhov no tshwj xeeb kab mob tsob nroj tsis chlorophyll thiab muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke organic tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, lawv lub neej yuav npaj organic teeb meem, yog li yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub substrates ntawm txawv keeb kwm. Muaj ib co pathogenic rau tib neeg, tsiaj txhu thiab nroj tsuag hom fungi.

Yog ho nphav kiag txawv los ntawm cov kab mob vim hais tias lawv lub hlwb muaj ntau zoo ib yam li cog muaj keeb thiab vacuoles. Lawv hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hyphae - ntev filaments uas tej zaum ceg thiab intertwined nrog txhua lwm yam.

Yog ho nphav kiag yuav muaj me tub nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev: los ntawm vegetative division, asexual thiab kev sib deev - lub tsim ntawm noob. Fungal noob yog heev resistant, lawv muaj peev xwm nyob tau ib lub sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv ib puag ncig thiab next nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tshaj loj heev mus li ntev raws li tsis poob mus rau hauv lub nruab nrab uas lawv muaj sai sai hloov mus rau hauv hyphae.

Pwm muaj nyob rau peb heev feem ntau, lawv muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim pom nrog tus liab qab qhov muag nyob rau lub propped-khoom noj. Lawv zoo li ib tug cheesy cov quav hniav sis tsis ncaj xim. Muaj ib co hom fungi uas tsis txhob cia li lwj cov khoom lawv ua lom rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj mitoksin xws li Aspergillus los yog Fusarium.

Txawm li cas los, fungi tsis yeej ib txwm muaj teeb meem, lawv muaj ntau pab tau zog muaj tau ntse siv los ntawm manufacturers ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov zoo tshaj thiab nrov tshuaj tua kab mob penicillin los ntawm fungi ntawm lub hom Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - exceptional saib ntawm kab mob, uas muaj ib tug qauv thiab thaj chaw ntawm cov kab mob thiab tu tub tu kiv txoj kev zoo xws li cov fungi.

cov poov xab

Qhov no unicellular microbes immobilized loj ntawm 10 mus rau 15 microns, uas yuav ua tau yeej, oval, cylindrical nyob rau hauv uas tsis tshua muaj mob thiab crescent zoo. Poov xab fungi yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv cov qauv kom muaj lub vacuole thiab nucleus. Tau txoj kev tu tub tu kiv - division, budding los yog los ntawm controversy. Lawv tsim sai heev nyob rau hauv cov av, rau khoom noj khoom haus, cov nroj tsuag. Poov xab nto zaub mov ua rau lawv fermentation thiab acidification. Alcoholic fermentation transforms lub qab zib rau hauv dej cawv, cov txheej txheem nteg lub lub hauv paus rau lub cawv kev lag luam thiab tsev winemaking.

Muaj pathogenic rau tib neeg lub cev hom. Piv txwv li, ib tug ncaj ntau yam ntawm candida poov xab yeej txhawb tsis kaj siab tus kab mob - Candidiasis.

Lig microbes nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Cov tib neeg lub cev yog populated trillions ntawm txawv cov kab mob, uas yuav ua tau tag nrho ob qho teeb meem thiab pab. Muaj cov kab mob uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub qub hauj lwm ntawm peb lub cev. Cov yuag tag nrho ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus tib neeg tej zaum yuav tsum tau raws li high school raws li 4 kg, nrog ¾ ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv peb gut. Lwm tus ciaj nyob rau hauv lub urogenital system, daim tawv nqaij thiab mucosal chaw. Interestingly, lub cev ntawm tus me nyuam yog populated by kab mob twb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nws yug los, thiab mus rau 10 xyoo ntawm plab hnyuv microflora yog twb tag nrho tsim. Ib txhia microbes yog cov tsis tshua txaus ntshai rau cov me nyuam, ces tus thawj xyoo ntawm lub neej cov me nyuam lub cev kev tu cev yuav tsum tau ceev faj heev.

Yuav ua li cas yog microbes nyob rau hauv lub gut:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci;
• enterobacteria;
• nceb;
• protozoa;
• cov kab mob.

Cov kev siv ntawm cov kab mob rau tib neeg

1. Nrog enterobacteria kab accustom vitamins B, C, thiab K, niacin thiab folic acid.
2. Unsplit pab zom zaub mov.
3. Tswj ionic thiab dej-ntsev metabolism.
4. Inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm pathogenic microorganisms.
5. Pab kom muaj kev tiv thaiv.
6. Tsim lymphoid apparatus.
7. Thiaj li rhiab heev ntawm lub plab hnyuv phab ntsa rau carcinogenic khoom.
8. Kom ua hauj kab mob.
9. Rau siab koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub tshuav nyiaj li cas.

Bifidobacteria thiab lactobacilli nyob ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm lub plab hnyuv microflora, lawv ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib neeg noj qab nyob:

1. Lactic acid thiab acetate tsim nrog kev koom tes los ntawm cov kab mob yuav tau tsim xws li ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv lub plab, uas muaj peev xwm tsis nyob kab mob-ua microbes.
2. Bifidobacteria - tej yam ntuj tso antihistamine suppresses kev tsis haum tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cev.
3. Lawv muaj ib cov antioxidant nyhuv thiab chav nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub qog hlwb.
4. Bifidobacteria yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov vitamins B
5. Bifidobacteria thiab lactobacilli pab ua rau kom cov feem pua ntawm cov assimilation ntawm tus txiv neej ntawm hlau, poov hlau thiab vitamin D.

Tus nqi rau lub ntuj microbes

Cov kab mob uas muaj ammonifying enzymes proactively pab rau cov txheej txheem kev lwj ntawm qhov seem ntawm tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag thiab cov zaub mov pov tseg. Thaum lub sij hawm protein decomposition nyob rau hauv cov cua yog qho tseem ceeb heev faib gases: ammonia thiab nitrogen, uas yog tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg, tsiaj txhu thiab nroj tsuag.

Urobakterii tau decompose urea ua txhua txhua hnub los ntawm txhua tus neeg thiab tsiaj. Thiab qhov no, incidentally, yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 55 lab tons txhua xyoo.

Microbes uas muaj peev xwm ntawm nitrification, ammonia yog oxidized. Denitrifying kab mob ua rau kom cov emission los ntawm cov av ntawm molecular oxygen.

Carbon - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb cellular sib txuas ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Fiber, uas noj muaj ntau yam tsiaj, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Nyob rau hauv lawv plab nws siv cov cellulose kab mob fermented thiab yoojyim rau lub quav rov qab mus rau qhov. Yog li, lub ntiaj teb tau txais humus, nws yuav ntau npaum li cas fertile, thiab huab cua yog noo nrog carbon dioxide.

Yog li, cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob - qhov no yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov nyob ntiaj teb no. Ntau ntau pab tau tus kab mob no tas li nrog ib tug neeg thoob plaws lub neej thiab tiv thaiv peb lub cev los ntawm pliaj lwm influences. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom tsis txhob disturb tus me thiab lub cev tsis kho nqi koj tshuav ntawm lig thiab pathogenic microorganisms.