Madrasah: dab tsi thiab nyob qhov twg tuaj?

Cov hauj lwm cov lus teb rau cov nqe lus nug "madrassas - hais tias qhov no" yog li nram qab no: nws yog ib qho kev kawm lub tsev ntawm cov Muslims, uas cob cov xib fwb thiab txawm pov thawj. Tej zaum, muaj kev kawm thiab yav tom ntej cov pej xeem cov tub qhe. Hais tias yog, nws yuav suav hais tias analogous mus rau lub siab dua cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab America.

Madrasah - yog dab tsi? nws cov keeb kwm

Yog hais tias txhais ncaj qha los ntawm Arabic, lo lus no txhais tau tias cia ib qho chaw uas lwm tus neeg muaj ib yam dab tsi kom paub, ib yam dab tsi mus kawm thiab paub. Qhov ntawd yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm "madrassas" - "ib qho chaw rau kawm."

Tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv ntawm no hom tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Abbasid dynasty. Tus thawj mention ntawm cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Madrasah - yog dab tsi?" - hnub rov qab tsuas mus rau cov 9 xyoo pua, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 13th, qhov no tshwm sim yog twb ntau. Cov tsev kawm ntawv no mas kawm kawm nrog ib tug kev cai dab qhuas kev tsis ncaj ncees, nrog rau Koranic theology thiab qhuab qhia. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau qhia cov lus Arabic yuav tsum tau mus nyeem cov Kaulees, raws li zoo raws li kev ua lej thiab keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th tsev kawm ntawv hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug pej xeem lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tsoom fwv appoints cov xib fwb ua hauj lwm muaj. Tej zaum precisely vim hais tias ntawm no active kev loj hlob Sunni orthodoxy. Maj mam, los ntawm lub tsev, lub yav tas nws yog ib tug tsev kawm ntawv, ua ib qho chaw rau kev cob qhia rau cov pej xeem. Qhov ntawd yog qhov madrasah yog ib tug stronghold ntawm tswj kev cai dab qhuas thiab nom tswv lub neej ntawm lub xeev.

kev kawm lub koom haum

Lub ntsiab yam uas tau raug kawm nyob rau hauv madrassas: tshuaj, ua lej thiab kev cai lij choj.

Cov tsev kawm ntawv twb mus npaj ua hauj lwm piously mob siab mus rau lub xeev. Hais tias qhov no yog vim cov kev xaiv ntawm kev kawm, vim hais tias cov madrasa rau ib lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm yog ua ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tswj cov nom tswv thiab kev cai dab qhuas lub neej ntawm cov haiv neeg. Cov chav kawm muaj nyob rau hauv lub mosques uas tsis muaj tseem ceeb rau txoj kev ncaj ncees. Lub tsev kawm ntawv txij nkawm thiab cov nuj nqis them waqf. Mudarris-xib fwb kuj tau txais ib cov nyiaj hli los ntawm lub xeev. Lawv recruited ib qho kev pab uas coj lectures rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov sib cav tswv yim rau kev cai dab qhuas cov ntxhais, thiab kuj kawm ntaub ntawv, uas yuav yog pab tau rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm pej xeem posts nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas tau dhau qhov kev kawm no, ua loyal kawm ntawm lub xeev, uas yog muab tsis tau lawv li tsuas nrog vaj tse nyob thiab cov chaw rau lub sij hawm ntawm kev cob qhia, tab sis kuj yog ib tug scholarship. Xyoo pua 12th nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Arab lub teb chaws yog tseem ceeb uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no pib tsim tsa tsev ntawm tus tshiab hom ntawv, qhov thiaj li hu ua madrassas qhov ntxa. Ib chav tsev nyob rau hauv lawv twb meant rau kev cob qhia, thiab lwm yam, sib cais, yog ib tug qhov chaw ntawm kev faus ntawm tus tsim. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub koom haum ntawm lub madrasah yog honorable txoj hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev.

Yuav ua li cas tau raug kawm

Hais txog madrassas - uas yog, peb to taub hais tias qhov no yog ib qho analogue ntawm lub siab dua kev kawm ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv rau hauj lwm. Raws li, qhov kev kawm kawm tau xaiv rau muaj kev cuam tshuam no specialization. Txij li thaum txoj cai tsev kawm ntawv kawm ua hauj lwm thiab bureaucrats, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Fiqh, jurisprudence tau qhia thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam kev cai qhuab qhia. Fatimid Imams, ua tsaug rau nws active cov tub txib ua hauj lwm, twb tau kom koj yaum tau cov Sultan Saladin qhib tsev kawm ntawv tshiab. Txij li thaum nws yog ib tug supporter ntawm Sunni Islam, tus tshiab kev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm tau kawm nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm qhov no, thiab npaj mus coj ib tug ncej nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem qhov kev pab.

Hais tias yog, tus Sultan tau ua nws zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kawm rau hauv lub bureaucrats, uas muab qhia rau nws ib co kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev nom kev tswv views.

architectural sawv

Muslim madrasah yog suav tias yog ib tug ntawm cov masterpieces ntawm architecture, raws li nws tsim tau muab lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lub complex ntawm vaj tse yog ib feem ntawm lub mosque nws tus kheej, kev pab rau menyuam kawm ntawv, cov chav kawm thiab noj mov halls. Lub ntsiab chav tsev yog ib tug Quince - ib tug vaulted chav tsev muab faib ua peb naves los ntawm kab ntawm txhua. Ib qho ntawm nws sab yog qhib thiab coj mus rau hauv lub ntsiab loog. Sau npe ntawm madrassas tau raug muab tshwj xeeb mloog. Extant vaj tse nyob rau hauv Istanbul thiab lwm lub zos yog ciav nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev zoo nkauj thiab sophistication.

Kev cai thiab keeb kwm tseem ceeb

Lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm madrassas li ib qho kev kawm center tsis yog tas rau kev npaj loyal rau tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm. Lawv kuj zoo kawg thiab tseem ceeb rau cov kis ntawm Islam nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj thiab nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv vim lub sij hawm ib tug zoo cawv rau lub system ntawm European kev kawm ntawv. Piv txwv li, tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv, yog npaj rau kev pab cuam civil bureaucrats, nws tau los ua tus University of Naples nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug tib neeg txais Muslims nyob rau hauv kev kawm ua hauj lwm. Europeans sai sai saws no.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, yuav luag tag nrho cov universities ntawm cov teb chaws Europe tau ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv tus qauv madrassas. Lawv muab cov tub ntxhais kawm nrog nyiaj pab kawm ntawv, vaj tse nyob, nkag tau mus rau kev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv.

madrasah hnub no

Cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm no hom no tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Muslim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Kazan ua Madrasah Muhammadiyah, qhov twg cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais Theological kev kawm ntawv los yog npaj los ua neeg txhais lus los ntawm Arabic. Yuav kom kawm tsuas txais Muslims.